Nucleolin-targeting aptamers and methods of using the same

ABSTRACT

Provided herein are compositions including aptamers capable of binding to and/or inhibiting the activity of nucleolin. Methods of treating cancer in a subject by administering such compositions are also provided.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This patent application claims the benefit of priority of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/555,745, filed Sep. 8, 2017, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH

This invention was made with government support by the National Institutes of Health under Award Number CA159826. The government has certain rights in the invention.

SEQUENCE LISTING

This application is being filed electronically via EFS-Web and includes an electronically submitted Sequence Listing in .txt format. The .txt file contains a sequence listing entitled “2018-09-10_5667-00448_ST25.txt” created on Sep. 10, 2018 and is 101,860 bytes in size. The Sequence Listing contained in this .txt file is part of the specification and is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

INTRODUCTION

The protein nucleolin plays a critical role in repair of DNA double-stranded breaks (DSB) (Goldstein et al, PNAS, 2013). Mechanistically, nucleolin functions as a histone chaperone at the DSB, escorting the histone proteins H2A and H2B away from the nucleosome at the DNA break. This nucleosome disruption is required for the recruitment of repair enzymes and the repair of the DNA breaks. Therefore, inhibition of nucleolin results in sensitization of cells to DNA damaging agents. Importantly, the majority of human tumors overexpress nucleolin on the cell surface relative to normal cells, thus making nucleolin a tumor-preferential target. A nucleolin inhibitor would have the unique ability to specifically sensitize only tumor cells to DNA damaging agents as it should only target and internalize into cancerous cells.

Aptamers, small artificial RNA or DNA oligonucleotide ligands, can be selected to inhibit protein function and are also emerging as important tumor-targeting molecules. Additionally, they have many advantages over traditional antibody targeting agents, including ease of synthesis and amenability to chemical modification (Keefe et al, Nat Rev Drug Discov, 2010). Moreover, they exhibit antibody-like target affinities and specificities at a fraction of the size, allowing more efficient tumor penetration while maintaining the ability to discriminate between proteins that differ by only a few amino acids (reviewed in Conrad et al, Methods Enzymol, 1996; Obsorne et al, Chem Rev, 1997).

There is a need in the art for new aptamers that may bind to and/or inhibit the nucleolin protein. Such aptamers may be useful not only as new cancer treatments but also may facilitate the delivery of agents to the nucleus of a cell.

SUMMARY

In one aspect of the present invention, aptamers are provided. The aptamer may include a polynucleotide having at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% sequence identity to any one of SEQ ID NOS: 1-490, 494-515, or any one of the sequences described in the Tables or Figures disclosed herein (for example, Tables 1-4, 6-8 or FIG. 11A-11B, 12A-12B, 13A-13C, 14A-14D, 15A-15B, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28A-28B, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36 or 37A-37B). In another aspect, the present invention relates to dimers, trimers, and tetramers including any one of the aptamers described herein.

In a further aspect of the present invention, pharmaceutical compositions including any of the aptamers described herein are provided. The pharmaceutical compositions may include a pharmaceutical carrier, excipient, or diluent.

In a still further aspect, the present invention relates to methods for treating cancer in a subject. The methods may include administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of any one of the aptamers, dimers, trimers, tetramers, or pharmaceutical compositions described herein.

In a still further aspect, methods of labeling or inhibiting nucleolin are provided. The methods include contacting nucleolin with any one of the compositions described herein to allow binding and possibly inhibition of the activity of the nucleolin. This contacting can be in vitro by adding the nucleolin to cells or may be in vivo by administering the compositions described herein to a subject. The compositions and aptamers provided herein are capable of binding to and possibly inhibiting the function of nucleolin.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows the work flow demonstrating the selection of aptamer families capable of relocating into the nucleus after binding to nucleolin on cell surface. A random 2′Fluoro-pyrimidine RNA pool of sequences GGGAGAGAGGAAGAGGGAUGGG (SEQ ID NO: 491)-N₄₀-CAUAACCCAGAGGUCGAUAGUACUGGAUCCCCCC (SEQ ID NO: 492) (where N₄₀ represents 40 random nucleotides) was incubated for 20 min at 37° C. with nucleolin protein (in 20 mM Hepes, 150 mM NaCl, 2 mM CaCl₂ and 0.01% bovine serum albumin) at ratios of RNA:protein varying from 187:1 to 133:1. RNA bound to protein was isolated by filtration through a 0.45 μm nitrocellulose membrane before RNA extraction, reverse transcription, PCR amplification and transcription to complete 1 round of selection. Each subsequent round of selection used the RNA pool transcribed from the previous round of selection, for a total of 7 rounds of SELEX against the nucleolin protein. The Round 6 RNA pool was also used to perform 2 Cell-SELEX rounds against both MCF-7 and Panc-1 cells. For the Cell-SELEX rounds, the Round 6 RNA pool was incubated with either MCF-7 or Panc-1 cells for 2 hrs at 37° C./5% CO₂ before using a high salt wash to remove non-internalized RNA. Cells were then tryspinized, washed again with high salt, and RNA extracted from the cell nuclei using the Invitrogen™ PARIS™ kit. RNA pools from Rounds 3, 5, 7 and 9 (Panc-1) were reverse transcribed, PCR amplified and analyzed by High-Throughput Sequencing.

FIGS. 2A-2D show binding of the SELEX and Cell-SELEX rounds to the nucleolin protein (NCL). RNA pools from SELEX rounds 3, 6, and 7 or from Cell-SELEX Rounds 7-8 MCF-7 or Rounds 7-8 Panc-1 were end-labeled with ³²P. Nucleolin protein was serially diluted in 20 mM Hepes, 150 mM NaCl, 2 mM CaCl₂ and 0.01% bovine serum albumin and incubated with a trace amount of the ³²P-labeled RNA pools. After incubation at 37° C., unbound RNA was captured on a nylon membrane and RNA-nucleolin complexes captured on a nitrocellulose membrane. The fraction of protein-bound RNA was determined via phosphorimaging of the nitrocellulose and nylon membranes.

FIGS. 3A-3B show nucleolin-specific RNA aptamers bind to the RBD domain of nucleolin. (FIG. 3A) Map of truncated nucleolin mutants. From Chen et al. 2011, JBC. (FIG. 3B) Southwestern blot showing the binding of the initial RNA aptamer library (Sell) versus SELEX round 6 (R6 NCL) to truncated nucleolin mutants expressed in MCF7 cells.

FIG. 4 shows binding analysis of the nucleolin (NCL) aptamers identified through high throughput sequencing. Aptamers were end-labeled with ³²P. Nucleolin protein was serially diluted in 20 mM Hepes, 150 mM NaCl, 2 mM CaCl₂ and 0.01% bovine serum albumin and incubated with a trace amount of the ³²P-labeled RNA pools. After incubation at 37° C., unbound RNA was captured on a nylon membrane and RNA-nucleolin complexes captured on a nitrocellulose membrane. The fraction of protein-bound RNA was determined via phosphorimaging of the nitrocellulose and nylon membranes.

FIGS. 5A-5F show binding of nucleolin aptamer truncates to the nucleolin protein. Aptamers were end-labeled with ³²P. Nucleolin protein was serially diluted in 20 mM Hepes, 150 mM NaCl, 2 mM CaCl₂ and 0.01% bovine serum albumin and incubated with a trace amount of the ³²P-labeled RNA pools. After incubation at 37° C., unbound RNA was captured on a nylon membrane and RNA-nucleolin complexes captured on a nitrocellulose membrane. The fraction of protein-bound RNA was determined via phosphorimaging of the nitrocellulose and nylon membranes.

FIGS. 6A-6B show nucleolin specific RNA aptamer EV3 sensitizes colon cancer cells to ionizing radiation. HCT 116 p53 -/- colon cancer cells were treated with 5 μg of indicated aptamers and exposed to 2Gy IR 48 h later. Cells were cultivated for 10 d and survival was assessed by MTT assay.

FIG. 7 shows EV3 does not sensitize HFF (human foreskin fibroblasts), that do not express nucleolin on cell surface, to radiation. hTERT-immortalized HFF cells that do not express nucleolin on cell surface were treated with 5 μg of indicated aptamers and exposed to 2Gy IR 48 h later. Cells were cultivated for 10 d and survival was assessed by MTT assay.

FIG. 8 shows EV3 and EV5 bind to nucleolin expressed on the cell surface in a concentration dependent manner. Flow cytometry analysis of MFI (mean fluorescence intensity) of DL650-labeled EV3 and EV5 after incubation of HCT116 p53-/- cells with the indicated aptamer concentrations.

FIGS. 9A-9D show binding of Ev3 aptamer truncates to the nucleolin protein. Aptamers were end-labeled with ³²P. Nucleolin protein was serially diluted in 20 mM Hepes, 150 mM NaCl, 2 mM CaCl₂ and 0.01% bovine serum albumin and incubated with a trace amount of the ³²P-labeled RNA pools. After incubation at 37° C., unbound RNA was captured on a nylon membrane and RNA-nucleolin complexes captured on a nitrocellulose membrane. The fraction of protein-bound RNA was determined via phosphorimaging of the nitrocellulose and nylon membranes.

FIG. 10 shows truncation of EV3 resulted in reduced activity as radiosensitizer. HCT 116 p53 -/- colon cancer cells were treated with 5 μg of indicated full-length aptamers or EV3 truncates and exposed to 2Gy IR 48 h later. Cells were cultivated for 10 d and survival was assessed by MTT assay.

FIGS. 11A-11B show predicted secondary structures for a representative Family B aptamer (SEQ ID NO: 8).

FIGS. 12A-12B show predicted secondary structures for a representative Family C aptamer (SEQ ID NO: 9).

FIGS. 13A-13C show predicted secondary structures for a representative Family D aptamer (SEQ ID NO: 10).

FIGS. 14A-14D show predicted secondary structures for a representative Family E aptamer (SEQ ID NO: 11).

FIGS. 15A-15B show predicted secondary structures for a representative Family F aptamer (SEQ ID NO: 12).

FIG. 16 shows predicted secondary structures for Ev3min2 truncate aptamer (SEQ ID NO: 497).

FIG. 17 shows predicted secondary structures for Ev3min3 truncate aptamer (SEQ ID NO: 498).

FIG. 18 shows predicted secondary structures for Ev3min4 truncate aptamer (SEQ ID NO: 499).

FIG. 19 shows predicted secondary structures for Ev3min5 truncate aptamer (SEQ ID NO: 500).

FIG. 20 shows predicted secondary structures for Ev3min6 truncate aptamer (SEQ ID NO: 501).

FIG. 21 shows predicted secondary structures for Ev3min7 truncate aptamer (SEQ ID NO: 502).

FIG. 22 shows predicted secondary structures for Ev3min8 truncate aptamer (SEQ ID NO: 503).

FIG. 23 shows predicted secondary structures for Ev3min9 truncate aptamer (SEQ ID NO: 504).

FIG. 24 shows predicted secondary structures for Ev3min10 truncate aptamer (SEQ ID NO: 505).

FIG. 25 shows predicted secondary structures for Ev3min11 truncate aptamer (SEQ ID NO: 506).

FIG. 26 shows predicted secondary structures for Ev3min12 truncate aptamer (SEQ ID NO: 507).

FIG. 27 shows predicted secondary structures for Ev3min13 truncate aptamer (SEQ ID NO: 508).

FIGS. 28A-28B show predicted secondary structures for Ev3min14 truncate aptamer (SEQ ID NO: 509) and Ev3min15 truncate aptamer (SEQ ID NO: 510).

FIG. 29 shows predicted secondary structures for Ev3min16 truncate aptamer (SEQ ID NO: 511).

FIG. 30 shows predicted secondary structures for Ev3min17 truncate aptamer (SEQ ID NO: 512).

FIG. 31 shows predicted secondary structures for Ev3min18 truncate aptamer (SEQ ID NO: 513).

FIG. 32 shows predicted secondary structures for Ev3min19 truncate aptamer (SEQ ID NO: 514).

FIG. 33 shows predicted secondary structures for Ev3min20 truncate aptamer (SEQ ID NO: 515).

FIG. 34 shows predicted secondary structures for Ev3min21 truncate aptamer (SEQ ID NO: 486).

FIG. 35 shows predicted secondary structures for Ev3min22 truncate aptamer (SEQ ID NO: 487).

FIG. 36 shows predicted secondary structures for Ev3min23 truncate aptamer (SEQ ID NO: 488).

FIGS. 37A-37B show predicted secondary structures for Ev3min24 truncate aptamer (SEQ ID NO: 489) and Ev3min25 truncate aptamer (SEQ ID NO: 490).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Here, in the non-limiting Examples, the present inventors disclose new aptamers that may bind to and/or inhibit the nucleolin protein. The present inventors demonstrate that such aptamers may be useful not only to sensitize cancer cells to cancer treatments including, for example, ionizing radiation and chemotherapeutic agents, but also may facilitate the delivery of agents to the nucleus of a cell.

In one aspect of the present invention, aptamers are provided. As used herein, the term “aptamer” refers to single-stranded oligonucleotides that bind specifically to target molecules with high affinity. Aptamers can be generated against target molecules, such as nucleolin, by screening combinatorial oligonucleotide libraries for high affinity binding to the target (See, e.g., Ellington, Nature 1990; 346: 8 18-22 (1990), Tuerk, Science 249:505-1 0 (1990)). The aptamers disclosed herein may be synthesized using methods well-known in the art. For example, the disclosed aptamers may be synthesized using standard oligonucleotide synthesis technology employed by various commercial vendors including, without limitation, Integrated DNA Technologies, Inc. (IDT), Sigma-Aldrich, Life Technologies, or Bio-Synthesis, Inc.

The aptamer may include a polynucleotide having at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% sequence identity to any one of SEQ ID NOS: 1-490, 494-515, or any one of the sequences described in the Tables or Figures disclosed herein (for example, Tables 1-4, 6-8 or FIG. 11A-11B, 12A-12B, 13A-13C, 14A-14D, 15A-15B, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28A-28B, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36 or 37A-37B). The aptamers described herein (i.e., SEQ ID NOS: 1-490, 494-515) may or may not include a 5′ constant region (GGGAGAGAGGAAGAGGGAUGGG (SEQ ID NO: 491)) that may be used, for example, to transcribe or purify the aptamers in vitro. The aptamers described herein (i.e., SEQ ID NOS: 1-490, 494-515) may or may not include a 3′ constant region (CAUAACCCAGAGGUCGAUAGUACUGGAUCCCCCC (SEQ ID NO: 492)) that may be used, for example, to transcribe or purify the aptamers in vitro. In some embodiments, the aptamer may include a polynucleotide having at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% sequence identity to the polynucleotide sequence-5′-GGGAGAGAGGAAGAGGGAUGGG (SEQ ID NO: 491)-A Variable Region-CAUAACCCAGAGGUCGAUAGUACUGGAUCCCCCC (SEQ ID NO: 492)-3′, wherein the variable region may include any one of SEQ ID NOS: 13-473 or a portion thereof. The portion of the indicated aptamers should be capable of binding to nucleolin. In some embodiments, the aptamer may include a polynucleotide having at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 480 (Ev3 Aptamer).

The terms “polynucleotide,” “nucleotide sequence,” “polynucleotide sequence,” “nucleic acid” and “nucleic acid sequence” refer to a nucleotide, oligonucleotide, polynucleotide (which terms may be used interchangeably), or any fragment thereof. These phrases may refer to DNA or RNA of genomic, natural, or synthetic origin.

Regarding polynucleotide sequences, the terms “sequence identity,” “percent identity,” and “% identity” refer to the percentage of base matches between at least two nucleotide sequences aligned using a standardized algorithm. Such an algorithm may insert, in a standardized and reproducible way, gaps in the sequences being compared in order to optimize alignment between two sequences, and therefore achieve a more meaningful comparison of the two sequences. Sequence identity for a nucleotide sequence may be determined as understood in the art. (See, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 7,396,664). A suite of commonly used and freely available sequence comparison algorithms is provided by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST), which is available from several sources, including the NCBI, Bethesda, Md., at its website. The BLAST software suite includes various sequence analysis programs including “blastn,” that is used to align a known nucleotide sequence with other polynucleotide sequences from a variety of databases. Also available is a tool called “BLAST 2 Sequences” that is used for direct pairwise comparison of two nucleotide sequences. “BLAST 2 Sequences” can be accessed and used interactively at the NCBI website.

Regarding polynucleotide sequences, sequence identity is measured over the length of an entire defined nucleotide sequence, for example, as defined by a particular sequence identified herein. Furthermore, sequence identity, as measured herein, is based on the identity of the nucleotide base in the nucleotide sequence, irrespective of any further modifications to the nucleotide sequence. For example, the polynucleotide nucleotide sequences described herein may include modifications to the nucleotide sequences such 2′flouro, 2′O-methyl, and inverted deoxythymidine (idT) modifications. These modifications are not considered in determining sequence identity. Thus if a base, for example, is a 2′fluoro adenine (or 2′O-methyl, etc.), it is understood to be an adenine for purposes of determining sequence identity with another sequence. Likewise, 3′ idT modifications to the polynucleotide sequences described herein also should not be considered in determining sequence identity.

Based on the general aptamer structure presented, for example, in FIG. 11A-11B, 12A-12B, 13A-13C, 14A-14D, 15A-15B, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28A-28B, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36 or 37A-37B, a person of ordinary skill in the art would readily recognize that several modifications could be made to the sequence while preserving the overall structure and presumably the function of the aptamer. For example, in FIG. 11A, a person of ordinary skill in the art could simply switch the first stem forming region GGGA and the tenth stem forming region UCCC to CCCU and AGGG, respectively, and still retain the stem structure of the aptamer. Additionally, modifications to the stem regions could be made that change the bases within the stem region but conserve the overall pyrimidine and purine base composition so that the stem region hybridizes at a similar melting temperature. A person of ordinary skill would also recognize that changes made to the aptamer that disturbed the general aptamer stem loop structure would likely result in an aptamer incapable of efficiently binding its target.

In some embodiments, the aptamer may have a dissociation constant (K_(D)) for the nucleolin protein that is less than 1000, 800, 600, 500, 450, 350, 250, 150, 125, 100, 90, 80, 70, 65, 60, 55, 50, 45, 40, 35, 30, 25, 20, 15, 10, 5, 2.5, 2, 1, 0.5, or 0.1 nanomolar (nM). The K_(D) of an aptamer may be measured using the methodology used by the inventors in the Examples.

The aptamers may include a polynucleotide (RNA, DNA, or peptide nucleic acid (PNA)) that is in an unmodified form or may be in a modified form including at least one nucleotide base modification. Nucleotide base modifications of polynucleotides to, for example, protect the polynucleotide from nuclease degradation and/or increase the stability of the polynucleotide and are well-known in the art. Common nucleotide base modifications that may be used in accordance with the present invention include, without limitation, deoxyribonucleotides, 2′-O-Methyl bases, 2′-Fluoro bases, 2′ Amino bases, inverted deoxythymidine bases, 5′ modifications, and 3′ modifications. In some embodiments, the aptamer may include a polynucleotide including a modified form including at least one nucleotide base modification selected from the group consisting of a 2′fluoro modification, a 2′O-methyl modification, a 5′ modification, and a 3′ modification.

Typical 5′ modifications may include, without limitation, inverted deoxythymidine bases, addition of a linker sequence such as C6, addition of a cholesterol, addition of a reactive linker sequence which could be conjugated to another moiety such as a PEG. Typical 3′ modifications may include, without limitation, inverted deoxythymidine bases, and inverted abasic residues.

As additional 5′ and/or 3′ modifications, the aptamer may include a polynucleotide including a 5′ linker and/or a 3′ linker. Common 5′ and/or 3′ linkers for polynucleotides are known in the art and may include peptides, amino acids, nucleic acids, as well as homofunctional linkers or heterofunctional linkers. Particularly useful conjugation reagents that can facilitate formation of a covalent bond with an aptamer may comprise an N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) ester and/or a maleimide or using click chemistry. Typical 5′ and/or 3′ linkers for polynucleotides may include without limitation, amino C3, C4, C5, C6, or C12-linkers.

The aptamer may further include an agent. Suitable agents may include, without limitation, stability agents, detectable agents such as reporter moieties, and/or therapeutic agents.

As used herein, a “stability agent” refers to any substance(s) that may increase the stability and/or increase the circulation time of a polynucleotide in vivo. Typical stability agents are known in the art and may include, without limitation, polyethylene glycol (PEG), cholesterol, albumin, or Elastin-like polypeptide.

As used herein, a “detectable agent” refers to any substance(s) that may be detected using appropriate equipment. Suitable detectable agents may be, without limitation, a fluorophore moiety, an enzyme moiety, an optical moiety, a magnetic moiety, a radiolabel moiety, an X-ray moiety, an ultrasound imaging moiety, a photoacoustic imaging moiety, a nanoparticle-based moiety, or a combination of two or more of the listed moieties.

A “fluorophore moiety” may include any molecule capable of generating a fluorescent signal. Various fluorophore moieties are well-known in the art and/or commercially available. Exemplary fluorophore moieties include, without limitation, fluorescein, FITC, Alexa Fluor 488, Alexa Fluor 660, Alexa Fluor 680, Alexa Fluor 750, and Alexa Fluor 790 (Life Technologies); Cy2, Cy3, Cy3.5, Cy5, Cy5.5 and Cy7 (GE Healthcare); DyLight 350, DyLight 488, DyLight 594, DyLight 650, DyLight 680, DyLight 755 (Life Technologies); IRDye 800CW, IRDye 800RS, and IRDye 700DX (Li-Cor); VivoTag680, VivoTag-S680, and VivoTag-S750 (PerkinElmer).

An “enzyme moiety” refers to polypeptides that catalyze the production of a detectable signal. Exemplary enzyme moieties may include, without limitation, horseradish peroxidase (HRP), alkaline phosphatase (AP), glucose oxidase, or β-galactosidase.

“Optical moieties” may include, for example, any agents that may be used to produce contrast or signal using optical imaging such as luminescence or acousto-optical moieties.

“Magnetic moieties” may include, for example, a chelating agent for magnetic resonance agents. Chelators for magnetic resonance agents can be selected to form stable complexes with paramagnetic metal ions, such as Gd(III), Dy(III), Fe(III), and Mn(II).

Other exemplary detectable agents may include radiolabel moieties. Exemplary radioactive labels may include, without limitation, ⁹⁹Mo, ^(99m)Tc, ⁶⁴Cu, ⁶⁷Ga, ¹⁸⁶Re, ¹⁸⁸Re, ¹⁵³Sm, ¹⁷⁷Lu, ⁶⁷Cu, ¹²³I, ¹²⁴I, ¹²⁵I n, ^(X)3N ¹⁵O, and ¹⁸F.

“X-ray moieties” may include, for example, any agents that may be used to produce contrast or signal using X-ray imaging such as iodinated organic molecules or chelates of heavy metal ions.

“Photoacoustic imaging moieties” may include photoacoustic imaging-compatible agents such as methylene blue, single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs), and gold nanoparticles. Ultrasound imaging moieties may include, for example, any agents that may be used to produce contrast or signal using ultrasound imaging such as Levovist, Albunex, or Echovist.

A detectable agent may also be a nanoparticle-based moiety. A nanoparticle-based moiety is a nanoparticle that is capable of generating a signal. For example, silicon containing nanoparticles may be used to produce fluoresecence, luminescence, or another type of signal. Other exemplary nanoparticle-based moieties include, without limitation, nanospheres such as Kodak X-SIGHT 650, Kodak X-SIGHT 691, Kodak X-SIGHT 751 (Fisher Scientific); metal oxide nanoparticles; and quantum dots such as EviTags (Evident Technologies) or Qdot probes (Life Technologies).

As used herein, a “therapeutic agent” may be any substance that provides a therapeutic functionality when conjugated to any one of the aptamers described herein. Suitable therapeutic agents may include, without limitation, cytotoxic compounds, and particularly those shown to be effective in other drug conjugates. As used herein, a “cytotoxic compound” refers to any substance that disrupts the functioning of cells and/or causes the death of cells. Various therapeutic cytotoxic compounds are known in the art and may include, without limitation, DNA damaging agents, anti-metabolites, natural products and their analogs. Exemplary classes of cytotoxic compounds include enzyme inhibitors such as dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors, and thymidylate synthase inhibitors, tubulin inhibitors, DNA intercalators, DNA cleavers, topoisomerase inhibitors, the anthracycline family of drugs, the vinca drugs, the mitomycins, the bleomycins, the cytotoxic nucleosides, the pteridine family of drugs, diynenes, the podophyllotoxins, dolastatins, auristatins, maytansinoids, differentiation inducers, and taxols. More specifically, suitable cytoxic compounds may include 5-fluorouracil, aclacinomycin, activated cytoxan, bisantrene, bleomycin, carmofur, CCNU, cis-platinum, daunorubicin, doxorubicin, DTIC, melphalan, methotrexate, mithromycin, mitomycin, mitomycin C, peplomycin pipobroman, plicamycin, procarbazine, retinoic acid, tamoxifen, taxol, tegafur, VP16, VM25, diphtheria toxin, botulinum toxin, geldanamycin, maytansinoids (including DM1), monomethylauristatin E (MMAE), monomethylauristatin F (MMAF), and maytansinoids (DM4) and their analogues. Exemplary cytotoxic compounds may also include therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals including, without limitation, ¹⁸⁶Re, ¹⁸⁸Re, ¹⁵³Sm, ⁶⁷Cu, ¹⁰⁵Rh, ^(m)Ag, and ¹⁹²Ir.

The aptamer and agent may be “linked” either covalently or non-covalently. Additionally, the aptamer and agent may be linked using the 5′ and/or 3′ linkers described herein. The aptamer and agent may be linked at the 5′ end and/or the 3′ end of the aptamer. To link the aptamer and agent non-covalently, the aptamer and the agent may be linked by a tag system. A “tag system” may include any group of agents capable of binding one another with a high affinity. Several tag systems are well-known in the art and include, without limitation, biotin/avidin, biotin/streptavidin, biotin/NeutrAvidin, or digoxigenin (DIG) systems. In some embodiments, the tag system comprises biotin/avidin or biotin/streptavidin. In such embodiments, the aptamer may be modified at either the 5′ or 3′ end to include biotin while the agent may be modified to include streptavidin or avidin. Alternatively, the aptamer may be modified at either the 5′ or 3′ end to include streptavidin or avidin while the agent may be modified to include biotin.

In another aspect, the present invention relates to dimers, trimers, and tetramers including any one of the aptamers described herein. A “dimer” refers to the linking together of two aptamer molecules in order to, for example, to increase the stability and/or increase the circulation time of a polynucleotide in vivo. A “trimer” refers to the linking together of three aptamer molecules in order to, for example, to increase the stability and/or increase the circulation time of a polynucleotide in vivo. A “tetramer” refers to the linking together of four aptamer molecules in order to, for example, to increase the stability and/or increase the circulation time of a polynucleotide in vivo. The aptamer molecules may be linked together covalently, noncovalently, or a combination of both. The aptamer molecules may be linked at their 5′ or 3′ ends. To link the aptamers noncovalently, the aptamers may be linked by a tag system or through a scaffold system.

In a further aspect of the present invention, pharmaceutical compositions including any of the aptamers described herein are provided. The pharmaceutical compositions may include a pharmaceutical carrier, excipient, or diluent (i.e., agents), which are nontoxic to the cell or mammal being exposed thereto at the dosages and concentrations employed. Often a pharmaceutical composition may include an aqueous pH buffered solution. Examples of pharmaceutical carriers include buffers such as phosphate, citrate, and other organic acids; antioxidants including ascorbic acid; low molecular weight (less than about 10 residues) polypeptides; proteins, such as serum albumin, gelatin, or immunoglobulins; hydrophilic polymers such as polyvinylpyrrolidone; amino acids such as glycine, glutamine, asparagine, arginine or lysine; monosaccharides, disaccharides, and other carbohydrates including glucose, mannose, or dextrins; chelating agents such as EDTA; sugar alcohols such as mannitol or sorbitol; salt-forming counterions such as sodium; and/or nonionic surfactants such as TWEEN™ brand surfactant, polyethylene glycol (PEG), and PLURONICS™ surfactant. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical carrier may include a buffer including about 20 mM Hepes, pH 7.4; 150 mM NaCl; 1 mM CaCl₂; 1 mM MgCl₂; 5 mM KCl.

In a still further aspect, the present invention relates to methods for treating cancer in a subject. The methods may include administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of any one of the aptamers, dimers, trimers, tetramers, or pharmaceutical compositions described herein. The subject may be any mammal, suitably a human, domesticated animal such as a dog or cat, or a mouse or rat. Optionally, the present methods may further include administering a chemotherapeutic agent or radiation therapy to the subject.

Exemplary cancers in accordance with the present invention include, without limitation, colon, primary and metastatic breast, ovarian, liver, pancreatic, prostate, bladder, lung, osteosarcoma, pancreatic, gastric, esophageal, skin cancers (basal and squamous carcinoma; melanoma), testicular, colorectal, urothelial, renal cell, hepatocellular, leukemia, lymphoma, multiple myeloma, head and neck, and central nervous system cancers or pre-cancers.

Treating cancer includes, but is not limited to, reducing the number of cancer cells or the size of a tumor in the subject, reducing progression of a cancer to a more aggressive form, reducing proliferation of cancer cells or reducing the speed of tumor growth, killing of cancer cells, reducing metastasis of cancer cells or reducing the likelihood of recurrence of a cancer in a subject. Treating a subject as used herein refers to any type of treatment that imparts a benefit to a subject afflicted with a disease or at risk of developing the disease, including improvement in the condition of the subject (e.g., in one or more symptoms), delay in the progression of the disease, delay the onset of symptoms or slow the progression of symptoms, etc.

Optionally, the present methods may further include administering a chemotherapeutic agent and/or radiation therapy to the subject. Without being limited by theory, the present inventors conjecture (and demonstrate in the Examples) that aptamers that block nucleolin function in cancer cells can sensitize cancer cells to DNA-damaging agents such as chemotherapeutic agents and radiation therapy. In some embodiments, the aptamer-containing composition described herein is administered prior to, simultaneously with, or after the chemotherapeutic agent and/or radiation therapy. In some embodiments, the aptamer-containing composition is administered prior to the administration of the optional chemotherapeutic agent and/or radiation therapy.

Chemotherapeutic agents are compounds that may be used to treat cancer. Suitable chemotherapy agents may include, without limitation, 5-fluorouracil, aclacinomycin, activated cytoxan, bisantrene, bleomycin, carmofur, CCNU, cis-platinum, daunorubicin, doxorubicin, DTIC, melphalan, methotrexate, mithromycin, mitomycin, mitomycin C, peplomycin pipobroman, plicamycin, procarbazine, retinoic acid, tamoxifen, taxol, tegafur, VP16, or VM25.

In some embodiments, the chemotherapeutic agent may be a DNA-damaging agent including, without limitation, cisplatin, carboplatin, picoplatin, oxaliplatin, methotrexate, doxorubicin, or daunorubicin, 5-fluorouracil, capecitabine, floxuridine, and gemcitabine, and the purine analogs 6-mercaptopurine, 8-azaguanine, fludarabine, and cladribine. The optional radiation therapy in the present methods may include one or more doses of between 1 Gy and 30 Gy. Suitably, the radiation therapy includes a single fraction dose of 12, 15, 18, 20, 21, 23, 25, or 28 Gy.

The chemotherapeutic agent and/or radiation therapy may be administered in any order in relation to the aptamer-containing compositions described herein, at the same time or as part of a unitary composition. The aptamer-containing composition and chemotherapeutic agent and/or radiation therapy may be administered such that one composition or therapy is administered before the other with a difference in administration time of 1 hour, 2 hours, 4 hours, 8 hours, 12 hours, 16 hours, 20 hours, 1 day, 2 days, 4 days, 7 days, 2 weeks, 4 weeks or more.

An “effective amount” or a “therapeutically effective amount” as used herein means the amount of a composition that, when administered to a subject for treating a state, disorder or condition is sufficient to effect a treatment (as defined above). The therapeutically effective amount will vary depending on the composition, formulation or combination, the disease and its severity and the age, weight, physical condition and responsiveness of the subject to be treated.

The compositions (i.e., those including the aptamers described herein) described herein may be administered by any means known to those skilled in the art, including, but not limited to, intratumoral, oral, topical, intranasal, intraperitoneal, parenteral, intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, intrathecal, transcutaneous, nasopharyngeal, or transmucosal absorption. Thus the compositions may be formulated as an ingestable, injectable, topical or suppository formulation. Within broad limits, administration of larger quantities of the aptamer-containing compositions is expected to achieve increased beneficial biological effects than administration of a smaller amount. Moreover, efficacy is also contemplated at dosages below the level at which toxicity is seen.

It will be appreciated that the specific dosage administered in any given case will be adjusted in accordance with the aptamer-containing compositions being administered, the disease to be treated or inhibited, the condition of the subject, and other relevant medical factors that may modify the activity of the compositions or the response of the subject, as is well known by those skilled in the art. For example, the specific dose for a particular subject depends on age, body weight, general state of health, diet, the timing and mode of administration, the rate of excretion, medicaments used in combination and the severity of the particular disorder to which the therapy is applied. Dosages for a given patient can be determined using conventional considerations.

The maximal dosage for a subject is the highest dosage that does not cause undesirable or intolerable side effects. The number of variables in regard to an individual prophylactic or treatment regimen is large, and a considerable range of doses is expected. The route of administration will also impact the dosage requirements. It is anticipated that dosages of the compound will reduce symptoms of the condition at least 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90% or 100% compared to pre-treatment symptoms or symptoms is left untreated. It is specifically contemplated that pharmaceutical preparations and compositions may palliate or alleviate symptoms of the disease without providing a cure, or, in some embodiments, may be used to cure the disease or disorder.

The effectiveness of the aptamer-containing composition in treating the cancer or reducing the likelihood of resistance can be measured by tracking the growth of the tumor or the growth rate of the tumor or cancer cells. A decrease in tumor size or in the rate of tumor growth is indicative of treatment of the cancer.

The aptamers disclosed herein may also be used in methods of labeling or inhibiting nucleolin. As disclosed herein the aptamers provided bind to nucleolin and may be used to inhibit nucleolin. In some instances the aptamers are trafficked with the nucleolin to the nucleus of the cell when the aptamer is contacts the cell. The aptamers may be combined with an agent as described above and if the agent is a reporter moiety the agent may allow nucleolin to be labeled within the cell or to bring the agent in contact with nucleolin. Nucleolin may be contacted with the aptamer directly or indirectly in vivo, in vitro, or ex vivo. Contacting encompasses administration to a cell, a culture of cells, tissue, mammal, patient, or human expressing nucleolin. Further, contacting a cell includes adding an agent to a cell culture. Other suitable methods may include introducing or administering an agent to a cell, tissue, mammal, or patient using appropriate procedures and routes of administration as defined above.

The present disclosure is not limited to the specific details of construction, arrangement of components, or method steps set forth herein. The compositions and methods disclosed herein are capable of being made, practiced, used, carried out and/or formed in various ways that will be apparent to one of skill in the art in light of the disclosure that follows. The phraseology and terminology used herein is for the purpose of description only and should not be regarded as limiting to the scope of the claims. Ordinal indicators, such as first, second, and third, as used in the description and the claims to refer to various structures or method steps, are not meant to be construed to indicate any specific structures or steps, or any particular order or configuration to such structures or steps. All methods described herein can be performed in any suitable order unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context. The use of any and all examples, or exemplary language (e.g., “such as”) provided herein, is intended merely to facilitate the disclosure and does not imply any limitation on the scope of the disclosure unless otherwise claimed. No language in the specification, and no structures shown in the drawings, should be construed as indicating that any non-claimed element is essential to the practice of the disclosed subject matter. The use herein of the terms “including,” “comprising,” or “having,” and variations thereof, is meant to encompass the elements listed thereafter and equivalents thereof, as well as additional elements. Embodiments recited as “including,” “comprising,” or “having” certain elements are also contemplated as “consisting essentially of” and “consisting of” those certain elements.

Recitation of ranges of values herein are merely intended to serve as a shorthand method of referring individually to each separate value falling within the range, unless otherwise indicated herein, and each separate value is incorporated into the specification as if it were individually recited herein. For example, if a concentration range is stated as 1% to 50%, it is intended that values such as 2% to 40%, 10% to 30%, or 1% to 3%, etc., are expressly enumerated in this specification. These are only examples of what is specifically intended, and all possible combinations of numerical values between and including the lowest value and the highest value enumerated are to be considered to be expressly stated in this disclosure. Use of the word “about” to describe a particular recited amount or range of amounts is meant to indicate that values very near to the recited amount are included in that amount, such as values that could or naturally would be accounted for due to manufacturing tolerances, instrument and human error in forming measurements, and the like. All percentages referring to amounts are by weight unless indicated otherwise.

No admission is made that any reference, including any non-patent or patent document cited in this specification, constitutes prior art. In particular, it will be understood that, unless otherwise stated, reference to any document herein does not constitute an admission that any of these documents forms part of the common general knowledge in the art in the United States or in any other country. Any discussion of the references states what their authors assert, and the applicant reserves the right to challenge the accuracy and pertinence of any of the documents cited herein. All references cited herein are fully incorporated by reference in their entirety, unless explicitly indicated otherwise. The present disclosure shall control in the event there are any disparities between any definitions and/or description found in the cited references.

Unless otherwise specified or indicated by context, the terms “a”, “an”, and “the” mean “one or more.” For example, “a protein” or “an RNA” should be interpreted to mean “one or more proteins” or “one or more RNAs,” respectively.

The following examples are meant only to be illustrative and are not meant as limitations on the scope of the invention or of the appended claims.

EXAMPLES Example 1—Development of Nucleolin-Binding Aptamers

With the goal of developing an aptamer that binds and/or inhibits the nucleolin protein, we performed a dual protein and cell selection via systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX) using a modified RNA library (FIG. 1). First, SELEX was performed against a recombinant nucleolin protein (SEQ ID NO: 493) resulting in an RNA library enriched in clones specific for nucleolin after 6 rounds of selection (FIG. 2A). As a 7^(th) round of SELEX did not improve the aptamer pool's affinity for the nucleolin protein (FIG. 2B), we moved forward with the pool of RNA from the 6^(th) round of SELEX (R6 NCL). To identify nucleolin-specific RNAs capable of binding to nucleolin on cell surface and subsequently transporting to the nucleus, the R6 NCL RNA pool was incubated with either MCF-7 or Panc-1 cells (FIG. 1). The nuclei were then isolated and the aptamer pool that reached this compartment was amplified. After 2 rounds of cellular selection with either MCF-7 or Panc-1 cells, the RNA library was further enriched for aptamers capable of binding to the nucleolin protein (FIGS. 2C & 2D).

We previously demonstrated that nucleolin interacts with Rad50, a member of the MRN complex, through its C-terminal RGG domain and that this interaction is essential for recruitment of nucleolin to the DNA damage site and repair of the DSB (Goldstein et al. 2013, PNAS). Thus, we estimated that in order to achieve a disruption of the nucleolin-Rad50 interaction and the inhibition of DSB repair required for radiosensitization, our nucleolin aptamer would need to bind to either the RGG domain itself or to the RBD domain in the proximity of the C-terminus. In fact, we found that the R6 NCL RNA aptamer pool binds to the RBD domain (FIGS. 3A-3B), suggesting that these aptamers may be able to inhibit the nucleolin-Rad50 interaction that is crucial for DSB repair.

High throughput sequencing of the SELEX pools from various selection rounds (rounds 3, 5, 7, and 9—Panc-1 round 2), resulted in almost 8000 unique RNA families plus 78 ambiguous sequences, where RNA families are RNA sequences that differ by 4 nucleotides or less and ambiguous sequences are single RNA sequences that do not fit into a RNA family. The most representative sequence from each of the top 6 abundant families, designated Families A-F (FAM-A, etc., Tables 1-4), were transcribed to test their ability to bind to the nucleolin protein. Families B-F demonstrated specific binding to nucleolin while Family A did not appear to significantly bind the protein, suggesting that it may be an artifact resulting from PCR amplification (FIG. 4, Table 5). To make it easier to chemically synthesize the nucleolin aptamers, we sought to shorten their length. Thus, we designed truncates of the Families B-F aptamers (Tables 6-8). Several of these truncations resulted in improved affinity for nucleolin over the parent aptamers, with truncations Bvl, Dv2, Ev3, Ev5, and Fv3 demonstrating the best affinity (FIGS. 5A-5F). To further truncate the Ev3 aptamer, we designed 24 additional truncates of Ev3 (Tables 7 and 8). Several of these truncations, primarily Ev3.min21, Ev3.min22, and Ev3.min24 demonstrated a similar affinity for nucleolin compared to their parent Ev3 aptamer (FIGS. 9A-9D).

TABLE 1 Nucleolin Aptamer Sequences without 5′ and 3′ Constant Regions NCL Aptamer Sequence FAM-A CCAUCUAGAUCUCCGUAGAUUCCCCCGGCUCUU UCUCGC (SEQ ID NO: 1) FAM-B AGCCAGCUUUGCAUACCACGUGCAAUUCACUCC ACCCGUCA (SEQ ID NO: 2) FAM-C AAGAUCUGCUAAGUGCACGCACAAUCACCAUCG AGCGUCU (SEQ ID NO: 3) FAM-D CACAUGGUACGCCCAAAGCGAGGCCCGCUGCGU AGUGC (SEQ ID NO: 4) FAM-E CACGGUCCAGCGCUAACUGUACCUGCUGUGCCA CCCACCG (SEQ ID NO: 5) FAM-F ACCACGCGCCAACGUGUCAGCUACACGCCGUGU UCCCCGG (SEQ ID NO: 6)

TABLE 2 Nucleolin Aptamer Sequences with 5′ and 3′ Constant Regions NCL Aptamer Sequence FAM-A GGGAGAGAGGAAGAGGGAUGGGCCAUCUAGAUCUC CGUAGAUUCCCCCGGCUCUUUCUCGCCAUAACCCA GAGGUCGAUAGUACUGGAUCCCCCC (SEQ ID NO: 7) FAM-B GGGAGAGAGGAAGAGGGAUGGGAGCCAGCUUUGCA UACCACGUGCAAUUCACUCCACCCGUCACAUAACC CAGAGGUCGAUAGUACUGGAUCCCCCC (SEQ ID NO: 8) FAM-C GGGAGAGAGGAAGAGGGAUGGGAAGAUCUGCUAAG UGCACGCACAAUCACCAUCGAGCGUCUCAUAACCC AGAGGUCGAUAGUACUGGAUCCCCCC (SEQ ID NO: 9) FAM-D GGGAGAGAGGAAGAGGGAUGGGCACAUGGUACGCC CAAAGCGAGGCCCGCUGCGUAGUGCCAUAACCCAG AGGUCGAUAGUACUGGAUCCCCCC (SEQ ID NO: 10) FAM-E GGGAGAGAGGAAGAGGGAUGGGCACGGUCCAGCGC UAACUGUACCUGCUGUGCCACCCACCGCAUAACCC AGAGGUCGAUAGUACUGGAUCCCCCC (SEQ ID NO: 11) FAM-F GGGAGAGAGGAAGAGGGAUGGGACCACGCGCCAAC GUGUCAGCUACACGCCGUGUUCCCCGGCAUAACCC AGAGGUCGAUAGUACUGGAUCCCCCC (SEQ ID NO: 12)

TABLE 3 Representative Nucleolin Aptamer Sequences without 5′ and 3′ Constant Regions from All Families SEQ Family ID Name Representative Sequence NO: A CCAUCUAGAUCUCCGUAGAUUCCCC 13 CGGCUCUUUCUCGC B AGCCAGCUUUGCAUACCACGUGCAA 14 UUCACUCCACCCGUCA C AAGAUCUGCUAAGUGCACGCACAAU 15 CACCAUCGAGCGUCU D CACAUGGUACGCCCAAAGCGAGGCC 16 CGCUGCGUAGUGC E CACGGUCCAGCGCUAACUGUACCUG 17 CUGUGCCACCCACCG F ACCACGCGCCAACGUGUCAGCUACA 18 CGCCGUGUUCCCCGG G AAGAUCCUCGCGCAUCUGCCGAGCA 19 AUCACCAUCGGACG H CCAAAUGCCAAGCCGUAGCCCGGCC 20 AGUAGCCCACACGUC I UGCCAAGCCGAGGCCCGGCCACCAU 21 CCACUGAUAGUGGGC J AAGAUCCUGACGCGACACAGCAAUC 22 ACCAUCGAACCAGCU K AAGAUCUGCGGCAACGCACAAUCAC 23 CAUCGAUUCCGAAUU L GAGCUCUCGAUUUCCUCCGCGACAC 24 CCAUCCAAACCUCA M CUCUCCGGUCUACCAUCCGGACCGG 25 CGACAAAGUCAACUU N AAGAUCUGCUAUGCACAAUCACCAU 26 CGGGCGCUCCGGGGAA O UUGACUCUGCUGCGUAGUUCGCACC 27 AAGAUCAACCACUUC P UACCAAGUCGUGGCCCGACUACCCA 28 GCACGAUGCGCAA Q CUAUUCGAGUUCCCACGAAUCCCCC 29 CAUCGAGAACCUAC R UGCCAAGCCGAGGCCCGGCCACCGU 30 CCCCGCGGCUGAUGA S AAUGAUCUCGCCAAUGGGCGACAAU 31 CACCAUGUCUUCACA T UCAGUGCGCCAAGUGGAGGCCCCAC 32 CGCAGCCCAUCAA U UGUAUGCCAGCUUUGACGAUAACUG 33 UCGCGCGUCAAUUCA V UACGCCAAAGUGGAGCCCACUCGUA 34 CCCCAUCAUGAGCUG W CCGCCAGCUUUGGGUACCCUGACCA 35 AUUCACGGCCAUCCA X GUAAUUGUCUGAGACCACCGGACAA 36 UCAACAAGAAAUCCU Y UCAGGCCAAAGUGUGAUAGCCACAC 37 CCGCACCCAUCAGGA Z CCGACCGCCGACCAGGGUGCCACUC 38 GUACCCCUGUCCGCC AA UGCCAAGUCGAAGCCCGACCACGCC 39 AUCCCUAACAGUGCC AB ACUUGUGCUGAGUCGCCAAAGUGAG 40 GCCCACUCGCCAGCA AC CCGCCAGCUCCUCUGAGGCACAAGA 41 GGUUCACGGUGAUCC AD CACCAGGUUCUGCUGUCCCCAAGCG 42 CUGACCCAUCCUUCC AE AAGAUCCGGUAACUCCCCACCGCAA 43 UCACCGUCGACUACU AF CCAUCUAGAUCUCCGUAGAUUCCCC 44 CCGGCUCUUUCUCGC AG CCAUCUGAACCCACAGAUUCCCCCA 45 UCAUCAGCCACAGUG AH CACUAAGUUGGUAGCCCCAACUGCC 46 CCGACACGAGGAUGU AI UUGUGCUCCGUGGCUCCCCGGACCA 47 ACCGCUUCCAGCAGU AJ CAAUCACGCGUAGUACGUCGCGGAA 48 GAUCCCCAUGCCGA AK CACAUGGUACGCCCAAAAGCGAGGC 49 CCGCUGCGUAGUGC AL UGCCAUACGCGGUUCGAAGUCGAAG 50 CCCGACAACCCGGCA AM GUUAUUCACAUGCCUCCCGUGAAUC 51 AACAAGAAUUCCUUG AN AAAGAUCUAGACUGUAAGUCUCCAA 52 UCGCCCAGUUAAUUC AO GCCCAAUCGCCAGUGGAACGCGCUG 53 AAGGAUCUGCACCC AP UGCAACGUAAAAGAGAGUCAUCUCA 54 GGCUAGUCGUCUACC AQ GUGUACGCCAAGUCGAGGCCCGACC 55 GUACCCAUACGCGAC AR UUAGCUCUACUUUCCUCUUCAGUAA 56 GACUAACCGCUUCUU AS UCCAAGCGGAGGCCCCGCACCCACC 57 CUCCAACGGGCACGG AT UAUCGCUCCACAACGACUCCCGUGG 58 ACUACCCAAUUCCAA AU GUCGUGCCCAAGUGAAGGCCUCACG 59 CACGCAUCCUAACCU AV AAGAUCUGCGCCAGCACAAUCACCA 60 UCGUCCUGAGAAUGG AW AUGCCAAGCAGUGGCCCUGCCACCC 61 ACCUAUCACUGUCGA AX AACAGACCAAGCAGCGGCCCUGCUC 62 UGCCAUCAUACGCCU AY GUCAUUCGCUGACGAAUCAACAUGA 63 AUUCCUAACUGCUGA AZ ACACGCCAAGCUGGUAGCCCCAGCC 64 GUGCCCAUUACGGCC BA UAGCCAAGCAGCAGCCCUGCCAACC 65 CAUCCUACCCGGGCG BB GCCCAAGGCGAGGCCCGCCGCUCCA 66 UCCAGACGCUGAGGG BC AAGAUCUCGUCAUGCUUUGACGUCA 67 AUCACCAUUGUUCCC BD AUCCCCCAGGAUGAGCACGUUGCCA 68 UGGACUGGCUAUCC BE CUGUUACAGUCUCGCGUAACCCCCC 69 CAUCGAUGUCCUCGA BF AGCCAGCUUUCGGCAAACCGAAUUC 70 ACUCCACCCUGCUCA BG CACGGUAUAACCUCCUCAUAUACCU 71 GCUGUGCCACCCGCG BH CCGGAAGAUCUGCUCGCACUAGCCG 72 GAGCCCAAUCACGGC BI CCUGCCGAACGGCUAAGUCGCAGCC 73 CGACCCGCGGCAGGG BJ CUCCGACCCGCGGACGAAGUCAACU 74 UCCACAGUCCCACAC BK ACAUUAGGAUCUGCGUGAUGGGGAU 75 CACCCGCUACAUGUC BL UCUAAGAUGGGGAAGAUCUCCGGAG 76 CACCGGGCAAUCACC BM CUAUUCGAGUUCCCACGAAUCCCCC 77 AUCGAGAACCUAC BN UGCCAAGCCGAGGCCCGGCCAGCAU 78 CCCUCACGAGAGAGG BO GCCAAGCACGUAGCCCGUGCCCCCA 79 CCCGCCUGUGUGCUG BP UGCCAAGCACGAAGCCCGUGCCCCC 80 AUCCAGAGUGUGAGA BQ AGCCAGCUUUUGCAUACCACGUGCA 81 AUUCACUCCACCCGUCA BR CUUUGUAAACCCGGCAAACAAAAUC 82 AACUUCCAUCAUCAA BS CCAUUGUAGCGACCACACAAUUCCC 83 CAUCGGACAGCAUGG BT CUCUCGCCGUUCCCAGGCACGACAA 84 AAUCAACUUCCCGCU BU AAGCCAAGCCGCGGCCCGGCCUUCC 85 CAUGUGCUACUAGAG BV CCAAAUGCCAAAGCCGUAGCCCGGC 86 CAGUAGCCCACACGUC BW CCAUUACGCGACGUAAUUCCCCCAU 87 CGUUUCCUCGUUAAG BX CCAUCUAGAUCUCCGUAGAUUCCCC 88 GGCUCUUUCUCGC BY ACUGUCUGCAUACACGGUAUGCCCA 89 ACGCCAUCCAAACCG BZ ACCUGCGGCUAUUGCCAGCGCCAUA 90 AGACCCUCCACAGUA

TABLE 4 Variant Nucleolin Aptamer Sequences without 5′ and 3′ Constant Regions from All Families SEQ Family ID Name All Family Sequences NO: A CCAUCUAGAUCUCCGUAGAUUCCCC  91 CGGCUCUUUCUCGC CCAUCUAGAUCUCCGUAGAUUCCCC  92 CGGCUCUUCCUCGC CCAUCUAGAUCUCCGUAGAUUCCCC  93 CAGCUCUUUCUCGC B AGCCAGCUUUGCAUACCACGUGCAA  94 UUCACUCCACCCGUCA AGCCAGCUUUGCAUACCACGUGCAA  95 UUCACUCCACCCGUCG C AAGAUCUGCUAAGUGCACGCACAAU  96 CACCAUCGAGCGUCU AAGAUCUGCUAAGUGCACGCACAAU  97 CACCAUCGAGCGUCC AAGAUCUGCUAAGUGCACGCACAAU  98 CACCAUCGAGCGCCU AAGAUCUGCUAAGUGCACGCACAAU  99 CACCAUCGAGCGUC AAGAUCUGCUAAGUGCACGCACAAU 100 CACCAUCGAGCGACU D CACAUGGUACGCCCAAAGCGAGGCC 101 CGCUGCGUAGUGC CACACGGUACGCCCAAAGCGAGGCC 102 CGCUGCGUAGUGC E CACGGUCCAGCGCUAACUGUACCUG 103 CUGUGCCACCCACCG CACGGUCCAGCGCUAACUGUACCUG 104 CUGUGCCACCCACCA CACGGUCCAGCGCUAACUGUACCUG 105 CUGUGCCACCCACUG CACGGUCCAGCGCUAACUGUACCUG 106 CUGUGCCACCCACCU CACGGUCCAGCGCUAACUGUACCUG 107 CUGUGCCACCCGCCG F ACCACGCGCCAACGUGUCAGCUACA 108 CGCCGUGUUCCCCGG ACCACGCGCCAACGUGUCAGCUACA 109 CGCCGUGUUCCCCGA ACCACGCGCCAACGUGUCAGCUACA 110 CGCCGUGUUCCCCG CCACGCGCCAACGUGUCAGCUACAC 111 GCCGUGUUCCCCGG G AAGAUCCUCGCGCAUCUGCCGAGCA 112 AUCACCAUCGGACG AAGAUCCUCGCGCAUCUGCCGAGCA 113 AUCACCAUCGGACC AAGAUCCUCGCGCAUCUGCCGAGCA 114 AUCACCAUCGGACA AAGAUCCUCGCGCAUCUGCCGAGCA 115 AUCACCAUCGGACU AAAGAUCCUCGCGCAUCUGCCGAGC 116 AAUCACCAUCGGACG AAGAUCCUCGCGCACCUGCCGAGCA 117 AUCACCAUCGGACG H CCAAAUGCCAAGCCGUAGCCCGGCC 118 AGUAGCCCACACGUC CCAAAAUGCCAAGCCGUAGCCCGGC 119 CAGUAGCCCACACGUC CCAAAUGCCAAGCCGUAGCCCGGCC 120 AGUAGCCCACACGAC CCAAAUGCCAAGCCGUAGCCCGGCC 121 AGUAGCCCACACGUA I UGCCAAGCCGAGGCCCGGCCACCAU 122 CCACUGAUAGUGGGC UGCCAAGCCGAGGCCCGGCCACCAU 123 CCACUGAUAGUGGGA UGCCAAGCCGAGGCCCGGCCACCAU 124 CCACUGAUAGUGGG UGCCAAGCCGAGGCCCGGCCACCAU 125 CCACUGAUAGUGGGU J AAGAUCCUGACGCGACACAGCAAUC 126 ACCAUCGAACCAGCU AAGAUCCUGACGCGACACAGCAAUC 127 ACCAUCGAACCAGCC K AAGAUCUGCGGCAACGCACAAUCAC 128 CAUCGAUUCCGAAUU AAGAUCUGCGGCAACGCACAAUCAC 129 CAUCGAUUCCGAAUG AAGAUCUGCGGCAACGCACAAUCAC 130 CAUCGAUUCCGAAUC AAGAUCUGCGGCAACGCACAAUCAC 131 CAUCGAUUCCGAACU AAGAUCUGCGGCAACGUACAAUCAC 132 CAUCGAUUCCGAAUU L GAGCUCUCGAUUUCCUCCGCGACAC 133 CCAUCCAAACCUCA AGCUCUCGAUUUCCUCCGCGACACC 134 CAUCCAAACCUCA GAGCUCUCGAUUUCCUCCGCGACAC 135 CCAUCCAAACCUCG M CUCUCCGGUCUACCAUCCGGACCGG 136 CGACAAAGUCAACUU CUCUCCGGUCUACCACCCGGACCGG 137 CGACAAAGUCAACUU N AAGAUCUGCUAUGCACAAUCACCAU 138 CGGGCGCUCCGGGGAA AAGAUCUGCUAUGCACAAUCACCAU 139 CGGGCGCUCCGGGAA AAGAUCUGCUACGCACAAUCACCAU 140 CGGGCGCUCCGGGGAA O UUGACUCUGCUGCGUAGUUCGCACC 141 AAGAUCAACCACUUC UUGACUCUGCUGCGUAGUUCGCACC 142 AAGAUCAACCACUUCC UUGACUCUGCUGCGUAGCUCGCACC 143 AAGAUCAACCACUUC UUGACUCUGCUGCGCAGUUCGCACC 144 AAGAUCAACCACUUC UUGACUCUGCUGCGUAGUCCGCACC 145 AAGAUCAACCACUUC P UACCAAGUCGUGGCCCGACUACCCA 146 GCACGAUGCGCAA UACCAAAGUCGUGGCCCGACUACCC 147 AGCACGAUGCGCAA UACCAAGUCGUGGCCCGACUACCCA 148 GCACGGUGCGCAA UACCAAGUCGUGGCCCGACUACCCA 149 GCACGAUGCGCAG UACCAAGUCGUGGCCCGACUACCCA 150 GCACAAUGCGCAA UACCAAGUCGCGGCCCGACUACCCA 151 GCACGAUGCGCAA Q CUAUUCGAGUUCCCACGAAUCCCCC 152 CAUCGAGAACCUAC CUAUUCGAGUUCCCACGAAUCCCCC 153 CAUCGAGAACCUA CUAUUCGAGUUCCCACGAAUCCCCC 154 CAUCGAGAACCUAU CUAUUCGAGUUCCCACGAAUCCCCC 155 CAUCGAGAACCUAA R UGCCAAGCCGAGGCCCGGCCACCGU 156 CCCCGCGGCUGAUGA UGCCAAAGCCGAGGCCCGGCCACCG 157 UCCCCGCGGCUGAUGA UGCCAAGCCGAGGCCCGGCCACCGU 158 CCCCGCGGCUGAUCGA UGCCAAGCCGAGGCCCGGCCACCGU 159 CCCCGCGGCUGAUGG UGCCAAGCCGAGGCCCGGCCACCGU 160 CCCCGCGGCUGACGA S AAUGAUCUCGCCAAUGGGCGACAAU 161 CACCAUGUCUUCACA AACGAUCUCGCCAAUGGGCGACAAU 162 CACCAUGUCUUCACA AAUGAUCUCGCCAAUGGGCGACAAU 163 CACCAUGUCUUCACG AAUGAUCUCGCCAAUGUGCGACAAU 164 CACCAUGUCUUCACA T UCAGUGCGCCAAGUGGAGGCCCCAC 165 CGCAGCCCAUCAA UCAGUGCGCCAAGUGGAGGCCCCAC 166 CGCAGCCCAUCGA UCAGUGCGCCAAGUGGAGGCCCCAC 167 CGCAGCCCAUCAG U UGUAUGCCAGCUUUGACGAUAACUG 168 UCGCGCGUCAAUUCA V UACGCCAAAGUGGAGCCCACUCGUA 169 CCCCAUCAUGAGCUG UACGCCAAAGUGGAGCCCACUCGUA 170 CCCCAUCAUGAGCCUG UACGCCAAAGUGGAGCCCACUCGUA 171 CCCCAUCAUGAGCUC UACGCCAAAGUGGAGCCCACUCGUA 172 CCCCAUCAUGGGCUG UACGCCAAAGUGGAGCCCACUCGUA 173 UCCCAUCAUGAGCUG UACGCCAAAGUGGAGCCCACUCGUA 174 CCCCAUCGUGAGCUG UACGCCAAAGUGGAGCCCACUCGUA 175 CUCCAUCAUGAGCUG CACGCCAAAGUGGAGCCCACUCGUA 176 CCCCAUCAUGAGCUG UACGCCAAAGUGGAGCCCACUCGCA 177 CCCCAUCAUGAGCUG UACGCCAAAGUGGAGCCCACUCGUA 178 CCCCAUCAUGAGCUA W CCGCCAGCUUUGGGUACCCUGACCA 179 AUUCACGGCCAUCCA CCGCCAGCUUUGGGUACCCUGACCA 180 AUUCACGGCCAUCCG CCGCCCAGCUUUGGGUACCCUGACC 181 AAUUCACGGCCAUCCA X GUAAUUGUCUGAGACCACCGGACAA 182 UCAACAAGAAAUCCU GUAAUUGUCUGAGACCACCGGACAA 183 UCAACAAGAAAAUCCU UAAUUGUCUGAGACCACCGGACAAU 184 CAACAAGAAAUCCU Y UCAGGCCAAAGUGUGAUAGCCACAC 185 CCGCACCCAUCAGGA UCAGGCCAAAGUGUGAUAGCCACAC 186 CCGCACCCAUCAGA UCAGGCCAAAGUGUGAUAGCCACAC 187 CCGCACCCAUCAGG Z CCGACCGCCGACCAGGGUGCCACUC 188 GUACCCCUGUCCGCC CCGACCGCCGACCAGGGUGCCACUC 189 GUACCCCUGUCCGCCC CCGACCGCCGACCAGGGUGCCACUC 190 GUACCCCUGUCCCGCC CCGACCGCCGACCAGGGUGCCACUC 191 GUACCCCUGUCCGC AA UGCCAAGUCGAAGCCCGACCACGCC 192 AUCCCUAACAGUGCC UGCCAAAGUCGAAGCCCGACCACGC 193 CAUCCCUAACAGUGCC UGCCAAGUCGAAGCCCGACCACGCC 194 AUCCCUAACAGUGC UGCCAAGUCGAAGCCCGACCACGCC 195 AUCCCUAACGGUGCC UGCCAAGUCGAAGCCCGACCACGCC 196 AUCCCUAACAGUGCA UGCCAAGUCGAGGCCCGACCACGCC 197 AUCCCUAACAGUGCC UGCCAAGCCGAAGCCCGACCACGCC 198 AUCCCUAACAGUGCC AB ACUUGUGCUGAGUCGCCAAAGUGAG 199 GCCCACUCGCCAGCA GCUUGUGCUGAGUCGCCAAAGUGAG 200 GCCCACUCGCCAGCA ACCUGUGCUGAGUCGCCAAAGUGAG 201 GCCCACUCGCCAGCA AC CCGCCAGCUCCUCUGAGGCACAAGA 202 GGUUCACGGUGAUCC CCGCCAGCUCCUCUGAGGCACAAGA 203 GGUUCACGGUGAUCCC AD CACCAGGUUCUGCUGUCCCCAAGCG 204 CUGACCCAUCCUUCC CACCAGGUUCUGCUAUCCCCAAGCG 205 CUGACCCAUCCUUCC CACCAGGUUCUGCUGUCUCCAAGCG 206 CUGACCCAUCCUUCC CACCAGGUUCUGCUGUUCCCAAGCG 207 CUGACCCAUCCUUCC CACCAGGUCCUGCUGUCCCCAAGCG 208 CUGACCCAUCCUUCC CACCAGGCUCUGCUGUCCCCAAGCG 209 CUGACCCAUCCUUCC CACCAGGUUCUGCUGUCCUCAAGCG 210 CUGACCCAUCCUUCC AE AAGAUCCGGUAACUCCCCACCGCAA 211 UCACCGUCGACUACU AAGAUCCGGUGACUCCCCACCGCAA 212 UCACCGUCGACUACU AAGAUCCGGUAACUCCCUACCGCAA 213 UCACCGUCGACUACU AAAGAUCCGGUAACUCCCCACCGCA 214 AUCACCGUCGACUACU AF CCAUCUAGAUCUCCGUAGAUUCCCC 215 CCGGCUCUUUCUCGC CCAUCUAGAUCUCCGUAGAUUCCCC 216 CGGGCUCUUUCUCGU CCAUCUAGAUCUCCGUAGAUUCCCC 217 CGGGCUCUUUCUCGA CCAUCUAGAUCUCCGUAGAUUCCCC 218 CGGGCUCUUUCUCG CCAUCUAGAUCUCCGUAGAUUCCCC 219 CGGGCUCUUUCUCGC CCAUCUAGAUCUCCGUAGAUUCCCC 220 CGGGCUCUUUCUCAC CCAUCUAGAUCUCCGUAGAUUUCCC 221 CCGGCUCUUUCUCGC CCAUCUAGAUCUCCGUAGAUUCCCC 222 CGGGCUCUUCCUCGC CCAUCUAGAUCUCCGUAGAUUCCCC 223 CGGGCUCUCUCUCGC CCAUCUAGAUCUCCGUAGAUUCCCC 224 CGGGCUCUUUCUUGC CCAUCUAGAUCUCCGUAGAUUCCCC 225 CGGGCCCUUUCUCGC CCAUCUAGAUCUCCGUAGAUUCCCC 226 CGGGCUCUUUCUCUC CCAUCUAGAUCUCCGUAGAUUCCCC 227 CGGCCUCUUUCUCGC CCAUCUAGAUCUCCGUAGAUUCCCC 228 CGGGCUCUUUCUCCC CCAUCUAGAUCUCCGUAGAUUCCCC 229 CGGGCUCUUUCUCGUC AG CCAUCUGAACCCACAGAUUCCCCCA 230 UCAUCAGCCACAGUG CCAUCUGAACCCACAGAUUCCCCCA 231 UCAUCAGCCACAGUA CCAUCUGAACCCACAGAUUCCCCCA 232 UCAUCAGCCACAGCG CCAUCUGAACCCACAGAUUCCCCCA 233 UCAUCAGCCACAGUC CCAUCUGAACCCACAGAUUCCCCCA 234 UCAUCAGCCACGGUG AH CACUAAGUUGGUAGCCCCAACUGCC 235 CCGACACGAGGAUGU CACUAAGUUGGUAGCCCCAACUGCC 236 CCGACACGAGGAUGUC CACUAAGUUGGUAGCCCCAACUGCC 237 CCGACACGAGGAUGC AI UUGUGCUCCGUGGCUCCCCGGACCA 238 ACCGCUUCCAGCAGU UUGUGUUCCGUGGCUCCCCGGACCA 239 ACCGCUUCCAGCAGU UUGUGCUCCGUGGCUCCCCGGACCA 240 ACCGCUUCCAGCAGC UUGCGCUCCGUGGCUCCCCGGACCA 241 ACCGCUUCCAGCAGU AJ CAAUCACGCGUAGUACGUCGCGGAA 242 GAUCCCCAUGCCGA CAAUCACGCGUAGUACGUCGCGGAA 243 GAUCCCCAUGCCGG CAAUCACGCGUAGUACGUCGCGGAA 244 GAUCCCCAUGCCAA CAAUCACGCGUAGUACGUCGCGGAA 245 GAUCCCCAUGCCGU CAAUCACGCGUAGCACGUCGCGGAA 246 GAUCCCCAUGCCGA CAAUCACGCGUAGUACGUCGCGGAG 247 GAUCCCCAUGCCGA AK CACAUGGUACGCCCAAAAGCGAGGC 248 CCGCUGCGUAGUGC CACAUGGUACGCCCCAAAGCGAGGC 249 CCGCUGCGUAGUGC CACAUGGUACGCCCAAAGCCGAGGC 250 CCGCUGCGUAGUGC CACAUGGUACGCCCAAAAGCGAGGC 251 CCGCUGCGUAGUG AL UGCCAUACGCGGUUCGAAGUCGAAG 252 CCCGACAACCCGGCA UGCCAUACGCGGUUCGAAGUCGAAG 253 CCCGACAACCCCGGCA UGCCAUACGCGGUUCGAAGUCGAGG 254 CCCGACAACCCGGCA AM GUUAUUCACAUGCCUCCCGUGAAUC 255 AACAAGAAUUCCUUG UUAUUCACAUGCCUCCCGUGAAUCA 256 ACAAGAAUUCCUUG GUUAUUCACAUGCCUCCCGUGAAUC 257 AACAAGAAUUCCUCG GUUAUUCACAUGCCUCUCGUGAAUC 258 AACAAGAAUUCCUUG 259 AN AAAGAUCUAGACUGUAAGUCUCCAA 260 UCGCCCAGUUAAUUC AAAAGAUCUAGACUGUAAGUCUCCA 261 AUCGCCCAGUUAAUUC AAAGAUCUAGACUGUAAGUCUCCAA 262 UCGCCCAGUAAUUC AO GCCCAAUCGCCAGUGGAACGCGCUG 263 AAGGAUCUGCACCC GCCCAAUCGCCAGUGGAACGCGCUG 264 AAGGAUCUGCACC GCCCAAUCGCCAGUGGAACGCACUG 265 AAGGAUCUGCACCC GCCCAAUCGCCAGUGGAACGCGCUG 266 AAGGAUCUGCACCCC CCCAAUCGCCAGUGGAACGCGCUGA 267 AGGAUCUGCACCC GCCCAAUCGCCAGCGGAACGCGCUG 268 AAGGAUCUGCACCC AP UGCAACGUAAAAGAGAGUCAUCUCA 269 GGCUAGUCGUCUACC UGCAACGUAAAAGAGAGUCAUCUCA 270 GGCUAGUCGUCUAC AQ GUGUACGCCAAGUCGAGGCCCGACC 271 GUACCCAUACGCGAC UGUACGCCAAGUCGAGGCCCGACCG 272 UACCCAUACGCGAC GUGUACGCCAAGUCGAGGCCCGACC 273 GUACCCAUACGCGGC GUGUACGCCAAGUCGAGGCCCGACC 274 GUACCCAUACGCGAU AR UUAGCUCUACUUUCCUCUUCAGUAA 275 GACUAACCGCUUCUU UUAGCUCUACUUUCCUCUUCAGUAA 276 GACUAACCGCUUCCU UUAGCUCUACUUUCCUCUUCAGUAA 277 GACUAACCGCUUCUC UUAGCUCUACUUUCCUCUUCAGUAA 278 GACUAACCGCUCCUU AS UCCAAGCGGAGGCCCCGCACCCACC 279 CUCCAACGGGCACGG UCCAAGCGGAGGCCCCGCACCCACC 280 CUCCAACGGGCACGC UCCAAGCGGAGGCCCCGUACCCACC 281 CUCCAACGGGCACGG UCCAAGCGGAGGCCCCGCACCCACC 282 CCCCAACGGGCACGG UCCAAGCGGAGGCCCCGCACCCACC 283 CUCCAACGGGCACGA UCCAAAGCGGAGGCCCCGCACCCAC 284 CCUCCAACGGGCACGG UCCAAGCGGAGGCCCCGCACCCACC 285 CUCCAACGGGCACAG AT UAUCGCUCCACAACGACUCCCGUGG 286 ACUACCCAAUUCCAA UAUCGCUCCACAACGACUCCCGUGG 287 ACUACCCAAUUCCAG UAUCGCUCCACAACGACUCCCGUGG 288 ACUACCCAAUUCCAAA UAUCGCUCCACAACGACUCCCGUGG 289 ACUACCCAAUUCCAU AU GUCGUGCCCAAGUGAAGGCCUCACG 290 CACGCAUCCUAACCU UCGUGCCCAAGUGAAGGCCUCACGC 291 ACGCAUCCUAACCU GUCGUGCCCAAGUGAAGGCCUCACG 292 CACGCAUCCUAACCC AV AAGAUCUGCGCCAGCACAAUCACCA 293 UCGUCCUGAGAAUGG AAGAUCUGCGCCAGCACAAUCACCA 294 UCGUCCUGAGAAUGC AAGAUCUGCGCCAGCACAAUCACCA 295 UCGUCCUGAGAAUGA AAGAUCUGCGCCAGCACAAUCACCA 296 UCGUCCUGAGAGUGG AAGAUCUGCGCCAGCACAAUCACCA 297 UCGUCCUGGGAAUGG AW AUGCCAAGCAGUGGCCCUGCCACCC 298 ACCUAUCACUGUCGA AUGCCAAGCAGUCGGCCUGCCACCC 299 ACCUAUCACUGUCGA AUGCCAAGCAGUGGCCCUGCCACCC 300 ACCUAUCACUAUCGA AUGCCAAGCAGUGGCCCUGCCACCC 301 ACCUACCACUGUCGA AUGCCAAGCAGCGGCCCUGCCACCC 302 ACCUAUCACUGUCGA AX AACAGACCAAGCAGCGGCCCUGCUC 303 UGCCAUCAUACGCCU GACAGACCAAGCAGCGGCCCUGCUC 304 UGCCAUCAUACGCCU AACAGACCAAGCAGUGGCCCUGCUC 305 UGCCAUCAUACGCCU AACAGACCAAGCAGCGGCCCUGCUC 306 UGCCAUCAUACGCCC AACAGACCAAGCAGCGGCCCUGCUC 307 UGCCAUCAUACACCU ACAGACCAAGCAGCGGCCCUGCUCU 308 GCCAUCAUACGCCU AACAGACCAAGCAGCGGCCCUGCUC 309 UGCCAUCAUACGCCCU AY GUCAUUCGCUGACGAAUCAACAUGA 310 AUUCCUAACUGCUGA UCAUUCGCUGACGAAUCAACAUGAA 311 UUCCUAACUGCUGA GUCAUUCGCUGACGAAUCAACAUGA 312 AUUCCUAACUGCCGA GUCAUUCGCUGACGAAUCAACAUGA 313 AUUCCUAACUGCUGG AZ ACACGCCAAGCUGGUAGCCCCAGCC 314 GUGCCCAUUACGGCC ACACGCCAAGCUGGUAGCCCCAGCC 315 GUGCCCAUUACGGC ACACGCCAAGCUGGUAGCCCCAGCC 316 GUGCCCAUUACGGUC ACACGCCAAGCUGGUAGCCCCAGCC 317 GUACCCAUUACGGCC BA UAGCCAAGCAGCAGCCCUGCCAACC 318 CAUCCUACCCGGGCG UAGCCAAGCAGCAGCCCUGCCAACC 319 CAUCCUACCCGGCG UAGCCAAGCAGCAGCCCUGCCAACC 320 CAUCCUACCCGGGCA UAGCCAAGCAGCAGCCCUGCCAACC 321 CAUCCUACCCGGGUG UAGCCAAGCAGCGGCCCUGCCAACC 322 CAUCCUACCCGGGCG BB GCCCAAGGCGAGGCCCGCCGCUCCA 323 UCCAGACGCUGAGGG GCCCAAGGCGAGGCCCGCCGCUCCA 324 UCCAGACGCUGAGG CCCAAGGCGAGGCCCGCCGCUCCAU 325 CCAGACGCUGAGGG CCCAAGGCGAGGCCCGCCGCUCCAU 326 CCAGACGCUGAGG GCCCAAGGCGAGGCCCGCCGCUCCA 327 UCCAGACGCUGAGGC GCCCAAAGGCGAGGCCCGCCGCUCC 328 AUCCAGACGCUGAGGG GCCCAAGGCGAGGCCCGCCGCUCCA 329 UCCAGACGCUGAGGA GCCCCAAGGCGAGGCCCGCCGCUCC 330 AUCCAGACGCUGAGGG BC AAGAUCUCGUCAUGCUUUGACGUCA 331 AUCACCAUUGUUCCC AAGAUCUCGUCAUGCUUUGACGUCA 332 AUCACCAUUGUUCC AAGAUCUCGUCAUGCUUUGACGCCA 333 AUCACCAUUGUUCCC AAGAUCUCGUCAUGCUUUGACGUCA 334 AUCACCAUUGUUCCA AAGAUCUCGUCAUGCUUUGACGUCA 335 AUCACCAUUGUUCCU AAGAUCUCGUCAUGCUUUGACGUCA 336 AUCACCAUUGUUCCCC AAAGAUCUCGUCAUGCUUUGACGUC 337 AAUCACCAUUGUUCCC AAGAUCUCGUCAUGCCUUGACGUCA 338 AUCACCAUUGUUCCC BD AUCCCCCAGGAUGAGCACGUUGCCA 339 UGGACUGGCUAUCC AUCCCCAGGAUGAGCACGUUGCCAU 340 GGACUGGCUAUCC BE CUGUUACAGUCUCGCGUAACCCCCC 341 CAUCGAUGUCCUCGA CUGUUACAGUCUCGCGUAACCCCCC 342 CAUCGAUGUCCUCGG CUGUUACAGUCUCGAGUAACCCCCC 343 CAUCGAUGUCCUCGA CUGUUACAGUCUCGCGUAACCCCUC 344 CAUCGAUGUCCUCGA CUGUUACAGCCUCGCGUAACCCCCC 345 CAUCGAUGUCCUCGA CUGUUACAGUCUCCCGUAACCCCCC 346 CAUCGAUGUCCUCGA BF AGCCAGCUUUCGGCAAACCGAAUUC 347 ACUCCACCCUGCUCA AGCCAGCUUUCGGCAAACCGAAUUC 348 ACUCCACCCUCCUCA AGCCAGCUUUCGGCAAACCGAAUUC 349 ACUCCGCCCUGCUCA AGCCAGCUUUCGGCAAACCGAAUUC 350 ACUCCACCCUGCU AGCCAGCUUUCGGCGAACCGAAUUC 351 ACUCCACCCUGCUCA AGCCAGCUUUCGGCAAACCGAAUUC 352 ACUCCACCCUGCUCG AGCCAGCUUUCGGCAAACCGAAUUC 353 ACUCCACCCUGCUC AGCCAGCUUUCGGCAAACCGAAUUC 354 ACUCCACCCUGCACA BG CACGGUAUAACCUCCUCAUAUACCU 355 GCUGUGCCACCCGCG CACGGUAUAACCUCCUCAUAUACCU 356 GCUGUGCCACCCGCA CACGGUAUAACCUCCUCAUAUACCU 357 GCUGUGCCACCCACCG CACGGUAUAACCUCCUCAUAUACCU 358 GCUGUGCCACCCGCU CACGGUAUAACCUCCUCAUAUACCU 359 GCUGUGCCACCCACG CACGGUAUAACCUCCUCAUAUACCU 360 GCUGUGCCACCCGUG CACGGUAUAACCUCCUCAUAUACCU 361 GCUGUGCCGCCCGCG BH CCGGAAGAUCUGCUCGCACUAGCCG 362 GAGCCCAAUCACGGC CCGGAAGAUCUGCUCGCACUAGUCG 363 GAGCCCAAUCACGGC CCGGAGGAUCUGCUCGCACUAGCCG 364 GAGCCCAAUCACGGC CCGGAAGAUCUGCUCGCAUUAGCCG 365 GAGCCCAAUCACGGC BI CCUGCCGAACGGCUAAGUCGCAGCC 366 CGACCCGCGGCAGGG CCUGCCGAACGGCUAAGUCGCAGCC 367 CGACCCGCGGCAGG CCUGCCGAACGGCUAAGUCGCAGCC 368 CGACCCGCGGCAGGA CCUGCCGAACGGCCAAGUCGCAGCC 369 CGACCCGCGGCAGGG CCUGCCGAACGGCUAAGUCGCGGCC 370 CGACCCGCGGCAGGG BJ CUCCGACCCGCGGACGAAGUCAACU 371 UCCACAGUCCCACAC CUCCGACCCGCGGACGAAGUCAACU 372 UCCACAGUCCCACAA CUCCGACCCGCGGACGAAGUCAACU 373 UCCACAGUCCCACACAC CUCCGACCCGCGGACGAAGUCAACU 374 UCCACAGUCUCACAC CUCCGACCCGCGGACGAAGUCAACU 375 UCCACAGUCCCACAU CUCCGACCCGCGGACGAAGUCAACU 376 UCCACAGUCCCGCAC CUCCGACCCGCGGACGAAGUCAACU 377 UCCACGGUCCCACAC CUCCGACCCGCGGACGAAGUCAACU 378 UCCACAGUCCCAUAC BK ACAUUAGGAUCUGCGUGAUGGGGAU 379 CACCCGCUACAUGUC ACAUUUAGGAUCUGCGUGAUGGGGA 380 UCACCCGCUACAUGUC GCAUUAGGAUCUGCGUGAUGGGGAU 381 CACCCGCUACAUGUC ACAUUAGGAUCUGCGCGAUGGGGAU 382 CACCCGCUACAUGUC BL UCUAAGAUGGGGAAGAUCUCCGGAG 383 CACCGGGCAAUCACC UCUAAGAUGGGGAAGAUCUCCGGAG 384 CACCGGGCAAUCACCC CCUAAGAUGGGGAAGAUCUCCGGAG 385 CACCGGGCAAUCACC UCUAAGGUGGGGAAGAUCUCCGGAG 386 CACCGGGCAAUCACC UCUAAGAUGGGGAAGAUCUCCGGAG 387 CGCCGGGCAAUCACC BM CUAUUCGAGUUCCCACGAAUCCCCC 388 AUCGAGAACCUAC CUAUUCGAGUUCCCACGAAUCCCCC 389 CAUCAGAACCUAC CUACUCGAGUUCCCACGAAUCCCCC 390 AUCGAGAACCUAC CUAUUCGAGUUCCCACGAAUCCCCC 391 AUCAAGAACCUAC BN UGCCAAGCCGAGGCCCGGCCAGCAU 392 CCCUCACGAGAGAGG UGCCAAAGCCGAGGCCCGGCCAGCA 393 UCCCUCACGAGAGAGG UGCCAAGCCGAGGCCCGGCCAGCAU 394 CCCUCACGAGAGAGC UGCCAAGCCGAGGCCCGGCCAGCAU 395 CCCUCACGAGAGAG UGCCAAGCCGAGGCCCGGCCAGCAU 396 CCCCCACGAGAGAGG UGCCAAGCCGAGGCCCGGCCAGCAU 397 CCCUCACGAGAGAGA UGCCAAGCCGGGGCCCGGCCAGCAU 398 CCCUCACGAGAGAGG UGCCAAGCCGAGGCCCGGCCAGCAU 399 CCCUCACGAGAGGG BO GCCAAGCACGUAGCCCGUGCCCCCA 400 CCCGCCUGUGUGCUG CCAAGCACGUAGCCCGUGCCCCCAC 401 CCGCCUGUGUGCUG GCCAAGCACGUAGCCCGUGCCCCCA 402 CCCGCCUGUGUGCGG GCCAAGCACGUAGCCCGUGCCCCCA 403 CCCACCUGUGUGCUG GCCAAGCACGUAGCCCGUGCCCCCA 404 CCCGCCUGUGUGCUC GCCAAGCACGUAGCCCGUGCCCCCA 405 CCCGCCUGUGUGCCG GCCAAAGCACGUAGCCCGUGCCCCC 406 ACCCGCCUGUGUGCUG GCCAAGCACGUAGCCCGUGCCCCCA 407 CCCGCCUGUGUGCUA BP UGCCAAGCACGAAGCCCGUGCCCCC 408 AUCCAGAGUGUGAGA UGCCAAAGCACGAAGCCCGUGCCCC 409 CAUCCAGAGUGUGAGA UGCCAAGCACGAAGCCCGUGCCCCC 410 AUCCAGAGUGUGGGA UGCCAAGCACGAGGCCCGUGCCCCC 411 AUCCAGAGUGUGAGA UGCCAAGCACGAAGCCCGUGCCCCC 412 AUUCAGAGUGUGAGA UGCCAAGCACGAAGCCCGUGCCCCC 413 AUCCAGAGUGCGAGA UGCCAAGCACGAAGCCCGUGCCCCC 414 AUCCAGAGCGUGAGA UGCCAAGCACGAAGCCCGUGCCCCC 415 AUCCAGAGUGUGAGG UGCCAAGCACGAAGCCCGUGCCCCC 416 AUCCAGGGUGUGAGA BQ AGCCAGCUUUUGCAUACCACGUGCA 417 AUUCACUCCACCCGUCA AGCCAGCUUUGCCAUACCACGUGCA 418 AUUCACUCCACCCGUCA AGCCAGCCUUUGCAUACCACGUGCA 419 AUUCACUCCACCCGUCA AGCCAGCUUUUGCAUACCACGUGCA 420 AUUCACUCCACCCGUCG AGCCAGCUUUUGCACACCACGUGCA 421 AUUCACUCCACCCGUCA AGCCAAGCUUUGCAUACCACGUGCA 422 AUUCACUCCACCCGUCA BR CUUUGUAAACCCGGCAAACAAAAUC 423 AACUUCCAUCAUCAA CUUUGUAAACCCGGCAAACAAAAUC 424 AACUUCCAUCACCAA BS CCAUUGUAGCGACCACACAAUUCCC 425 CAUCGGACAGCAUGG CCAUUGUAGCGACCACACAAUUCCC 426 CAUCGGACAGCAUG CCAUUGUAGCGACCACACAAUUCCC 427 CAUCGGACAGCGUGG CCAUUGUAGCGACCACACAAUUCCC 428 CAUCGGACAGCACGG CCAUUGUAGCGACCACACAAUUCCC 429 CAUCGGACAGCAUGC CCAUUGUAGCGACCACACAAUCCCC 430 CAUCGGACAGCAUGG CCAUUGUAGCGACCACACAAUUCCC 431 CAUCGGACAGCAUGU BT CUCUCGCCGUUCCCAGGCACGACAA 432 AAUCAACUUCCCGCU CUCUCGCCGUUCCCAGGCGCGACAA 433 AAUCAACUUCCCGCU CUCUCGCCGUUCCCGGGCACGACAA 434 AAUCAACUUCCCGCU CUCUCGCCGUUCCCAGGCACGACAA 435 AAUCAACUUCCCGCA BU AAGCCAAGCCGCGGCCCGGCCUUCC 436 CAUGUGCUACUAGAG AAAGCCAAGCCGCGGCCCGGCCUUC 437 CCAUGUGCUACUAGAG AAGCCAAAGCCGCGGCCCGGCCUUC 438 CCAUGUGCUACUAGAG GAGCCAAGCCGCGGCCCGGCCUUCC 439 CAUGUGCUACUAGAG AGCCAAGCCGCGGCCCGGCCUUCCC 440 AUGUGCUACUAGAG AAGCCAAGCCGUGGCCCGGCCUUCC 441 CAUGUGCUACUAGAG UGCCAAGCCGCGGCCCGGCCUUCCC 442 AUGUGCUACUAGAG AAGCCAAGCCGAGGCCCGGCCUUCC 443 CAUGUGCUACUAGAG BV CCAAAUGCCAAAGCCGUAGCCCGGC 444 CAGUAGCCCACACGUC CCAAAAUGCCAAAGCCGUAGCCCGG 445 CCAGUAGCCCACACGUC CCAAAUGCCAAGCCCGUAGCCCGGC 446 CAGUAGCCCACACGUC BW CCAUUACGCGACGUAAUUCCCCCAU 447 CGUUUCCUCGUUAAG CCAUUACGCGACGUAAUUCCCCCAU 448 CGUCUCCUCGUUAAG CCAUUACGCGACGUAAUUCCCCCAU 449 CGCUUCCUCGUUAAG CCAUUACGCGGCGUAAUUCCCCCAU 450 CGUUUCCUCGUUAAG CCAUUACGCGACGUAAUUCCCCCAU 451 CGUUUCCUCGUUAGG CCAUUACGCGACGUAAUUCCCCCAU 452 CGUUUCCUCGCUAAG CCAUUACGCGACGUAAUUCCCCCAU 453 CGUUUCCUCGUUAUG CCAUUACGCGACGUAAUUCCCCCAU 454 CGUUUCCUCGUUAAA BX CCAUCUAGAUCUCCGUAGAUUCCCC 455 GGCUCUUUCUCGC CCAUCUAGAUCUCCGUAGAUUCCCC 456 AGCUCUUUCUCGC CCAUCUAGAUCUCCGUAGAUCCCCC 457 GGCUCUUUCUCGC CCAUCUAGAUCUCCGUAGAUUCCCC 458 CGCUCUUUCUCGC CCAUCUAGAUCUCCGUAGAUUCCCC 459 GGCUCUUCCUCGC CCAUCUAGAUCUCCGUGAUUCCCCC 460 GGCUCUUUCUCGC CCAUCUAGAUCUCCGUAGUUCCCCC 461 GGCUCUUUCUCGC CCAUCUAGAUCCCCGUAGAUUCCCC 462 GGCUCUUUCUCGC CCAUCUAGAUCUCCGUAGAUUCCCC 463 GGCUCCUUCUCGC CCAUCUAUAUCUCCGUAGAUUCCCC 464 GGCUCUUUCUCGC BY ACUGUCUGCAUACACGGUAUGCCCA 465 ACGCCAUCCAAACCG ACUGUCUGCAUACACGGUAUGCCCA 466 ACGCCAUCCAAACCGC ACUGUCUGCAUACAUGGUAUGCCCA 467 ACGCCAUCCAAACCG ACUGUCUGCAUACACGGUAUGCCCA 468 ACGCCAUCCAAAACCG BZ ACCUGCGGCUAUUGCCAGCGCCAUA 469 AGACCCUCCACAGUA ACCUGCGGCUAUUGCCAGCGCCAUA 470 AGACCCUCCACAGCA CCUGCGGCUAUUGCCAGCGCCAUAA 471 GACCCUCCACAGUA ACCUGCGGCUAUUGCCAGCGCCAUA 472 AGACCUUCCACAGUA ACCUGCGGCUAUUGCCAGCGCCAUA 473 AGACCCUCCGCAGUA

TABLE 5 Nucleolin Binding of Aptamer Families A-F Clone Kd (nM) Bmax (%) R² FAM-A 10.07 17.66 0.9499 FAM-B 0.8508 25.2 0.8335 FAM-C 0.4285 32.76 0.869 FAM-D 0.586 53.6 0.9447 FAM-E 1.69 23.08 0.7941 FAM-F 0.37 33.6 0.6520

TABLE 6 Nucleolin Aptamer Truncates NCL Aptamer Sequence Bv1 GGAAGAGGGAUGGGUGCCAGCUUUGCAUACCAC GUGCAAUUCACUCCACCCGUCAC (SEQ ID NO: 474) Bv2 GGGAGAGAGGAAGAGGGAUGGGAGCCAGCUUUG CAUACCACGUGCAAUUCACUCCACCCGUCAC (SEQ ID NO: 475) Dv1 GGGAUGGGCACAUGGUACGCCCAAAGCGAGGCC CGCUGCGUAGUGCCAUAACCCAG (SEQ ID NO: 476) Dv2 GGGAGAGAGGAAGAGGGAUGGGCACAUGGUACG CCCAAAGCGAGGCCCGCUGCGUAGUGCC (SEQ ID NO: 477) Ev1 GGGAUGGGCACGGUCCAGCGCUAACUGUACCUG CUGUGCCACCCACCGCAUAACCCAGAGGUCGAU (SEQ ID NO: 478) Ev2 GGGAUGGGCACGGUCCAGCGCUAACUGUACCUG CUGUGCCACCCACCGC (SEQ ID NO: 479) Ev3 GGGAGAGAGGAAGAGGGAUGGGCACGGUCCAGC GCUAACUGUACCUGCUGUGCCACCCACCG (SEQ ID NO: 480) Ev4 GGGAGAGAGGAAGAGGGAUGGGCACGGUCCAGC GCUAACUGUACC (SEQ ID NO: 481) Ev5 GGAAGAGGGAUGGGCACGGUCCAGCGCUAACUG UACCUGCUGUGCCACCCACC (SEQ ID NO: 482) Fv1 GGGACCACGCGCCAACGUGUCAGCUACACGCCG UGUUCCCCGG (SEQ ID NO: 483) Fv2 GGGACCACGCGCCAACGUGUCAGCUACACGCCG UGUUCCCCGGCAUAACCCAGAGGUCGAU (SEQ ID NO: 484) Fv3 GGGAGAGAGGAAGAGGGAUGGGACCACGCGCCA ACGUGUCAGCUACACGCCGUGUUCCCCGG (SEQ ID NO: 485)

TABLE 7 Ev3 Truncates NCL Aptamer Sequence Ev3.min21 GGGAUGGGCACGGUCCAGCGCUAACUGUACCUGCU GUGCCACCC (SEQ ID NO: 486) Ev3.min22 GGGAGGAAGAGGGAUGGGCACGGUCCAGCGCUAAC UGUACCUGCUGUGCCACCC (SEQ ID NO: 487) Ev3.min23 GGGAGGAAGAGGAUGGGCACGGUCCAGCGCUAACU GUACCUGCUGUGCCACC (SEQ ID NO: 488) Ev3.min24 GGGAGGAAGAGGGAUGGGCACGGUCCAGCGCACUG UACCUGCUGUGCCACCC (SEQ ID NO: 489) Ev3.min25 GGGAGGAAGAGGAUGGGCACGGUCCAGCGCACUGU ACCUGCUGUGCCACC (SEQ ID NO: 490)

TABLE 8 Additional Nucleolin Aptamers NCL Aptamer Sequence Cv1 GGGAUGGGAAGAUCUGCUAAGUGCACGCACAAU CACCAUCGAGCGUCUC (SEQ ID NO: 494) Cv2 GGGAGAGAGGAAGAGGGAUGGGAAGAUCUGCUA AGUGCACGCACAAUCACCAUCGAGCGUCUC (SEQ ID NO: 495) Ev6 GGGAGAGAGGAAGAGGGAUGGGCACGGUCCAGC GCUAACUGUACCUGCUGUGCC (SEQ ID NO: 496) Ev3min2 GGGAGAGAGAGGGAUGGGCACGGUCCAGCGCUA ACUGUACCUGCUGUGCCACCCACCG (SEQ ID NO: 497) Ev3min3 GGGAGAGAGGAAGAGGAUGGGCACGGUCCAGCG CUAACUGUACCUGCUGUGCCACCACCG (SEQ ID NO: 498) Ev3min4 GGGAGAGAGGAAGAGGGAGGGCACGGUCCAGCG CUAACUGUACCUGCUGUGCCCCCACCG (SEQ ID NO: 499) Ev3min5 GGGAGAGAGGAAGAGGGAUGGGUCCAGCGCUAA CUGUACCUGCCACCCACCG (SEQ ID NO: 500) Ev3min6 GGGAGAGAGGAAGAGGGAUGGGCGGUCCAGCGC UAACUGUACCUGCUGCCACCCACCG (SEQ ID NO: 501) Ev3min7 GGGAGAGAGGAAGAGGGAUGGGCACGGUCCAGC GCUAUGUCUGCUGUGCCACCCACCG (SEQ ID NO: 502) Ev3min8 GGGAGAGAGGAAGAGGGAUGGGCACGGUCCAGC GCUAACUGUACCUGCUGUGCCACCC (SEQ ID NO: 503) Ev3min9 GGGAGGAAGAGGGAUGGGCACGGUCCAGCGCUA ACUGUACCUGCUGUGCCACCCACCG (SEQ ID NO: 504) Ev3min10 GGAAGAGGGAUGGGCACGGUCCAGCGCUAACUG UACCUGCUGUGCCACCCACCG (SEQ ID NO: 505) Ev3min11 GAGAGGAAGAGGGAUGGGCACGGUCCAGCGCUA ACUGUACCUGCUGUGCCACCCACCG (SEQ ID NO: 506) Ev3min12 GGGAGAGAGGAAGAGGGAUGGGCACGGUCCAGC GCUAACUGUACCUGCUGUGCCACCCAC (SEQ ID NO: 507) Ev3min13 GGGAGAGAGGAAGAGGGAUGGGCACGGUCCAGC GCUAACUGUACCUGCUGUGCCACCCCG (SEQ ID NO: 508) Ev3min14 GGGAGAGAGGAAGAGGGAUGGGCACGGUCCGCG CUAACUGUACCUGCUGGCCACCCACCG (SEQ ID NO: 509) Ev3min15 GGGAGAGAGGAAGAGGGAUGGGCACGGUCCGCG CUAACUGUACCGCUGUGCCACCCACCG (SEQ ID NO: 510) Ev3min16 GGGAGAGAGGAAGAGGGAUGGGCACGGUCCAGC GCACUGUACCUGCUGUGCCACCCACCG (SEQ ID NO: 511) Ev3min17 GGGAGAGAGGAAGAGGGAUGGGCACGGUCCAGC GCUAACUGUACCUGCUGUGCCACCCACCG (SEQ ID NO: 512) Ev3min18 GGGAGAGGAAGAGGGAUGGGCACGGUCCAGCGC UAACUGUACCUGCUGUGCCACCCACCG (SEQ ID NO: 513) Ev3min19 GGGAGAGGAAGAGGGAUGGGCACGGUCCAGCGC UAACUGUACCUGCUGUGCCACCCACCG (SEQ ID NO: 514) Ev3min20 GAGGAAGAGGGAUGGGCACGGUCCAGCGCUAAC UGUACCUGCUGUGCCACCCACCG (SEQ ID NO: 515)

Example 2—Sensitizing Cancer Cells with Nucleolin Aptamers

We next tested the ability of the nucleolin aptamer truncates Bvl, Ev3, Ev4, Dv2, and Fv3 to sensitize cancer cells that overexpress nucleolin on the cell surface to ionizing radiation (IR). We also included the Ev2 aptamer as a non-binding aptamer control. As shown in FIG. 6A, Ev3 appears to be a potent radiosensitizer, significantly decreasing post-IR survival in HCT116 p53-null cells. Further radiation sensitization studies showed that Ev3 decreased post-IR survival by approximately 5-fold in HCT116 p53-null cells compared to the aptamer control Ev5, which was used as a control due to its ability to bind nucleolin protein yet lack of radiosensitizing properties (FIG. 6B). Given that a large number of tumors lack functional p53, which is associated with resistance to therapy, it is encouraging that the specific nucleolin aptamer Ev3 can efficiently sensitize p53-null cells to IR.

To determine whether the Ev3 aptamer's ability to sensitize cancer cells to ionizing radiation was specific to the nucleolin protein, we tested the aptamer on hTERT-immortalized HFF cells (FIG. 7). hTERT-immortalized HFF cells that do not express nucleolin on cell surface were treated with 5 ug of indicated aptamers and exposed to 2Gy IR 48 h later. Cells were cultivated for 10 d and survival was assessed by MTT assay. As seen in FIG. 7, Ev3 does not sensitize HFF (human foreskin fibroblasts) that do not express nucleolin on cell surface to radiation.

To determine the Ev3 and Ev5 aptamers could bind nucleolin expressed on a cell surface in a concentration-dependent manner, we performed a flow cytometry analysis with HCT116 p53-/- cells. Flow cytometry analysis of MFI (mean fluorescence intensity) of DL650-labeled Ev3 and Ev5 after incubation of HCT116 p53-/- cells with indicated aptamer concentrations. As shown in FIG. 8 and Table 9, Ev3 and Ev5 bind to nucleolin expressed on the cell surface in a concentration dependent manner.

TABLE 9 Ev3 and Ev5 Binding Data One site binding (hyperbola) Best-fit values DL650-NCL Ev3 DL650-NCL Ev5 Bmax 3.214 2.064 Kd 119.2 50.7

To determine whether the EV3 aptamer could be truncated without affecting its radiosensitization function, we tested some Ev3 aptamer truncates (FIG. 10). HCT 116 p53 -/- colon cancer cells were treated with 5 ug of indicated full-length aptamers or Ev3 truncates and exposed to 2Gy IR 48 h later. Cells were cultivated for 10 d and survival was assessed by MTT assay. FIG. 10 shows truncation of Ev3 resulted in reduced activity as radiosensitizer.

The Ev3 nucleolin aptamer has the potential for clinical application as a cancer-specific radio- and chemosensitizer and could improve the current regimens of cancer therapy. Further, the aptamer can be radiolabeled for use as a DNA damaging agent that will preferentially target tumors and simultaneously blunt the ability of the tumor cell to repair the radiation damage, thus enhancing the sensitivity of the tumor to the radioisotope.

Example 3—Predicted Secondary Structures for Nucleolin Aptamers

Predicted secondary structures for nucleolin aptamers were generated using the mfold Web Server RNA Folding Form. Predicted structures for representative aptamers from families B, C, D, E, and F are shown in FIGS. 11A-11B, 12A-12B, 13A-13C, 14A-14D, and 15A-15B. Predicted structures for Ev3 truncates (Ev3.min2-25) are shown in FIGS. 16-37. 

We claim:
 1. An aptamer comprising a polynucleotide having at least 80% sequence identity to any one of SEQ ID NOS: 1-490 or 494-515, wherein the polynucleotide comprises an unmodified form or comprises a modified form comprising at least one nucleotide base modification.
 2. The aptamer of claim 1, wherein the aptamer comprises a polynucleotide having at least 90% sequence identity to 5′-GGGAGAGAGGAAGAGGGAUGGG (SEQ ID NO: 491)-A Variable Region-CAUAACCCAGAGGUCGAUAGUACUGGAUCCCCCC (SEQ ID NO: 492)-3′, wherein the variable region comprises any one of SEQ ID NOS: 13-473 or a portion thereof.
 3. The aptamer of claim 1, wherein the aptamer comprises a polynucleotide having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 480 (Ev3 Aptamer).
 4. The aptamer of claim 1, wherein the dissociation constant (K_(D)) of the aptamer for a nucleolin protein is less than 100 nanomolar (nM).
 5. The aptamer of claim 1, wherein the polynucleotide comprises an RNA polynucleotide.
 6. The aptamer of claim 1, wherein the polynucleotide comprises a modified form comprising at least one nucleotide base modification selected from the group consisting of a 2′fluoro modification, a 2′O-methyl modification, a 5′ modification, and a 3′modification.
 7. The aptamer of claim 1, wherein the polynucleotide comprises a 5′ linker and/or a 3′ linker.
 8. The aptamer of claim 1, wherein the polynucleotide further comprises an agent.
 9. The aptamer of claim 8, wherein the agent is a stability agent selected from the group consisting of polyethylene glycol (PEG), cholesterol, albumin, and Elastin-like polypeptide or a reporter moiety.
 10. (canceled)
 11. The aptamer of claim 9, wherein said reporter moiety is selected from the group consisting of a fluorophore moiety, an optical moiety, a magnetic moiety, a radiolabel moiety, an X-ray moiety, an ultrasound imaging moiety, a photoacoustic imaging moiety, a nanoparticle-based moiety, and a combination of two or more of the reporter moieties.
 12. The aptamer of claim 8, wherein the polynucleotide and the agent are linked by a covalent bond or a tag system.
 13. (canceled)
 14. (canceled)
 15. A dimer, trimer, or tetramer comprising the aptamers of claim
 1. 16. (canceled)
 17. A method for treating cancer in a subject comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of the compositions of claim
 1. 18. The method of claim 17, further comprising administering a chemotherapeutic agent or radiation therapy to the subject.
 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the composition is administered prior to the administration of the chemotherapeutic agent or the radiation therapy.
 20. (canceled)
 21. The method of claim 17, wherein the cancer is colon cancer.
 22. The method of claim 17, wherein the subject is a mammal.
 23. (canceled)
 24. A method of labeling or inhibiting nucleolin comprising contacting nucleolin with the compositions of claim
 1. 25. The method of claim 24, wherein the nucleolin is contacted by adding the composition to cells comprising nucleolin in vitro.
 26. The method of claim 24, wherein the nucleolin is contacted by administering the composition to a subject. 